Electrochemical Engineering

Wendt, Hartmut; Kreysa, G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03851-2

Cited by 120 publications

(81 citation statements)

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“…36,37 The electrode material selected should have good corrosion resistance, high conductivity, high catalytic effect, and low price. 38 Stainless steel and lead were pointed out as cheap electrode materials, with low overpotentials, but these cannot tolerate highly alkaline environments. Noble metals were found to be too expensive to be used as bulk electrode materials.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The equilibrium or reversible cell potential is obtained 38 by subtracting the equilibrium potential of the left-hand side electrode from that of the right-hand side one (see Figure 3)…”

Section: Thermodynamic Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Noble metals have good resistance to corrosion by alkalis and high electrocatalytic activity, but are too expensive for widespread applications in water electrolysis. 38 Transition metals such as iron and copper have good electrocatalytic activity but are less resistant to alkali attack. Ni is considered to be one of the best electrode materials for alkaline water electrolysis, with both good resistance to alkali attack and high electrocatalytic activity, while not being too expensive.…”

Section: Figure 8 Electrolyzer Modules With A) Unipolar and B) Bipolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To avoid gas trapping in the holes, the typical diameter for electrode perforation in alkaline water electrolysis is 0.1 and 0.7 mm for hydrogen and oxygen, respectively. 38 Forced mechanical circulation of the electrolyte solution can also help sweeping the bubbles off the electrode's surface. The electrolyte circulation speed should be high enough to promote mass transfer and eliminate concentration gradients.…”

Section: Future Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis

Santos¹,

Sequeira²,

Figueiredo³

2013

Quím. Nova

389

226

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Recebido em 13/12/12; aceito em 28/5/13; publicado na web em 17/7/13Water electrolysis is one of the simplest methods used for hydrogen production. It has the advantage of being able to produce hydrogen using only renewable energy. To expand the use of water electrolysis, it is mandatory to reduce energy consumption, cost, and maintenance of current electrolyzers, and, on the other hand, to increase their efficiency, durability, and safety. In this study, modern technologies for hydrogen production by water electrolysis have been investigated. In this article, the electrochemical fundamentals of alkaline water electrolysis are explained and the main process constraints (e.g., electrical, reaction, and transport) are analyzed. The historical background of water electrolysis is described, different technologies are compared, and main research needs for the development of water electrolysis technologies are discussed.

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Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The equilibrium or reversible cell potential is obtained 38 by subtracting the equilibrium potential of the left-hand side electrode from that of the right-hand side one (see Figure 3)…”

Section: Thermodynamic Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figure 8 Electrolyzer Modules With A) Unipolar and B) Bipolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Future Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis

Santos¹,

Sequeira²,

Figueiredo³

2013

Quím. Nova

389

226

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In this article, I assume that agency is constituted through relational processes with externalities (structures, events and social relationships with other agents) and through internal sources of change found in the agentÕs self-constitutive identification processes, which involve significantly more self-reflection and self-constitution than is implied in most 57 Wendt (1999) constructivism. This assumption is expressed later in the article in figure three in the shaded ring, which represents external sources of change conceptualized as deterministic and stochastic sources of change which are placed around the voluntaristic processes, which represent internal sources of change originating inside the agent level.…”

Section: The Ontology Of the Social Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

The problem of change in constructivist theory: Ontological security seeking and agent motivation

Flockhart

2016

Rev. Int. Stud.

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Constructivism has a problem in accounting for agent-led change and for what motivates agents to make up their minds about how to put their agency to use. I show that constructivismÕs problem of change is related to tensions between constructivism's own key assumptions about the mutually constitutive relationship between structure and agency, understanding of change and to an essentialist conception of identity. I argue that agency is constituted through processes of ÔidentificationÕ involving identity and narrative constructions and performance through practice and action. I make the perhaps controversial move to regard ontological security as a precondition for agent-led change and to identify ontological security maximisation as functionally equivalent to rationalist theoriesÕ agent assumption of utility maximisation. I identify two strategies for maximising ontological security; a Ôstrategy of beingÕ to secure a stable and esteem-enhancing identity and a strong narrative; and a Ôstrategy of doingÕ to ensure cognitive consistency through routinised practice whilst also undertaking action contributing to a sense of integrity and pride. The article concludes that although humans are endowed with agency, their actual ability to utilise their agency is severely constrained by their need for maintaining ontological security, which may explain why change appears so difficult to achieve.Keywords: Narrative, Social Identity Theory, Agency, Practice, Ontological Security, Identity Bio: Trine Flockhart is Professor of International Relations in the School of Politics and InternationalStudies at the University of Kent. Her research focuses on change in the international system towards a Ômulti-order worldÕ and the effects on the current liberal international order, transatlantic relations and NATO. The Problem of Change in Constructivist Theory Ontological Security Seeking and Agent MotivationOne of the fundamental questions in International Relations is how to change the world into a better place. Yet, despite the normative aspirations to change dysfunctional, and often violent, practices, the IR discipline developed a widespread understanding that Ôthe internationalÕ was characterized by continuity and recurring patterns, and that the aspiration for making a better world, was an idealistic Ð even a utopian Ð project. The belief that change was unattainable became so ingrained in the discipline that when the Cold War ended, most had not even considered the possibility that such a change could take place 1 and some even questioned its theoretical relevance 2 . Moreover, change was seen as one of those intellectual nettles that would be better left alone 3 rather than as something that could be theorized, categorized and conceptualized or indeed used prescriptively 4 . Therefore when

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Increasing Oxygen Charge Transfer Resistance on the Anode in Copper Electrowinning

Mathew

2012

Electrometallurgy 2012

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Electrochemical Engineering

Abstract: Originally published by Springe[-V erlag Berlin Heidelberg New Y o[k in 1999Softcover [eprint of the hru:dcover lst edition 1999

Cited by 120 publications

References 0 publications

Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis

Hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis

The problem of change in constructivist theory: Ontological security seeking and agent motivation

Increasing Oxygen Charge Transfer Resistance on the Anode in Copper Electrowinning

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