Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite to Graphene-Based Nanomaterials

Salverda, Michael; Thiruppathi, Antony Raj; Pakravan, Farnood; Wood, Peter C.; Chen, Aicheng

doi:10.3390/molecules27248643

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Because the process involved ions that could oxidize graphene, the oxygen content in the sample with the best quality (10 V) was also checked. For the selected sample, the carbon-to-oxygen ratio was 7.7, which is comparable to the values obtained by Selverda et al [ 40 ] or Liu et al [ 41 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Optimization of the Electrochemical Method of Obtaining Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs)

et al. 2023

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Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were prepared using the electrolytic exfoliation method on graphite foil in an ammonium sulfate solution. A series of experiments were conducted in order to optimize the production of the flakes by varying the pH of the solution, applied voltage and current, duration of electrolysis, temperature in the electrolytic system, and type and duration of the ultrasound interaction. The quality of the produced graphene nanoplatelets was analyzed using X-ray diffraction, Raman and IR spectroscopy, and TEM.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Optimization of the Electrochemical Method of Obtaining Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs)

et al. 2023

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“…The spectra presented are typical of the graphene [ 7 , 11 , 13 , 31 , 33 , 48 , 49 ] with prominent D (at about 1340 cm −1 ), G (at about 1580 cm −1 ), and 2D (about 2690 cm −1 ) peaks. The presented maps show the change in the ratio of D to G peaks on the studied surfaces, which, according to the literature [ 11 , 49 , 50 , 51 ], are indicative of changes in the degree of graphene defects after transfer to surface-modified Al 2 O 3 ceramics. On the studied surfaces, the lowest, highest, and intermediate degree of defect sites with the lowest (marked “1”), highest (marked “2”), and intermediate (marked “3”) I D /I G ratio values are indicated.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Impact of Physical and Chemical Modification of the Surface of Porous Al2O3 Ceramic Membranes on the Quality of Transferred HSMG® and CVD Graphene

et al. 2023

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Graphene transfer onto ceramics, like Si/SiO2, is well-developed and described in the literature. However, it is problematic for other ceramic materials (e.g., Al2O3 and ZrO2), especially porous ones. In this case, it is mainly due to poor adhesion to the substrate, resulting in strong degradation of the graphene. For these reasons, the research topic of this study was undertaken. This article presents research on the development of the methodology of graphene transfer onto ceramic Al2O3 surfaces. Polycrystalline graphene chemical vapour deposition (CVD) monolayer and quasimonocrystalline high-strength metallurgical graphene (HSMG®) synthesised on liquid copper were used. When developing the transfer methodology, the focus was on solving the problem of graphene adhesion to the surface of this type of ceramic, and thus reducing the degree of graphene deterioration at the stage of producing a ceramic–graphene composite, which stands in the way of its practical use. Plasma and chemical ceramic surface modification were applied to change its hydrophobicity, and thus to improve the adhesion between the graphene and ceramic. The modification included the use of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma, oxygen plasma (RF PACVD method - Radio Frequency Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition), and hydrofluoric acid treatment. Changes in surface properties caused by the modifications were determined by measuring the contact angle and (in the case of chemical modification) measuring the degree of surface development. The effectiveness of the applied surface preparation methodology was evaluated based on the damage degree of CVD and HSMG® graphene layer transferred onto modified Al2O3 using optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The best average ID/IG ratio for the transferred HSMG® graphene was obtained after oxygen plasma modification (0.63 ± 0.18) and for CVD, graphene DBD plasma was the most appropriate method (0.17 ± 0.09). The total area of graphene defects after transfer to Al2O3 was the smallest for HSMG® graphene after modification with O2 plasma (0.251 mm2/cm2), and for CVD graphene after surface modification with DBD plasma (0.083 mm2/cm2).

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“…The electrochemically exfoliated graphene nanosheets (GNs) are completely dispersed by sonication. For example, Salverda et al [40] reported that the exfoliation of graphite rod used as anode, when applying a 10 V direct current, produced the bilayer graphene sheets with a C/O ratio of 11.7 and an average lateral size of approximately 0.5 to 1 µm. Single-step functionalization and high electrical conductivity are advantages of this method.…”

Section: Top-down Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene’s Role in the Clean-Up Act: Progress in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Adhikari,

Ghosh,

Das

2023

ajc

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Water scarcity and environmental pollution are the two pressing global challenges that demand innovative solutions. In recent years, graphene-based nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for revolutionizing the field of water purification, particularly in the treatment of industrial wastewater. This review article, the first part of a two-part series, comprehensively explores the applications, synthesis methods and mechanisms of graphene-based nanomaterials for industrial wastewater treatment. Industrial activities generate vast quantities of wastewater contaminated with a myriad of organic and inorganic pollutants, heavy metals and dyes. Traditional water treatment methods often fall short in efficiently removing these contaminants, leading to significant environmental repercussions. In contrast, graphene-based nanomaterials exhibit exceptional properties, including a high specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and superior mechanical strength, making them highly attractive for wastewater treatment applications. This article begins by providing an overview of the properties of graphene and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which form the foundation of graphene-based nanomaterials. Our discussion focuses on the many approaches to the synthesis of these nanomaterials, with particular attention paid to their scalability, cost-effectiveness, and influence on the environment. This review focuses on the various applications of graphene-based nanomaterials in the in the removal of organic pollutants and dyes through adsorption, coagulation and photocatalysis. The unique structural and chemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials enable them to selectively adsorb pollutants, even in the presence of competing ions, making them highly efficient in complex wastewater matrices. Furthermore, we explore the mechanistic aspects of pollutant removal by graphene-based nanomaterials, elucidating the role of surface functionalization, intermolecular interactions and photocatalytic processes. In addition to their pollutant removal capabilities, graphene-based nanomaterials also exhibit remarkable regeneration potential, making them economically sustainable for long-term industrial wastewater treatment applications. The challenges associated with large-scale implementation, including cost considerations, environmental impact assessments and regulatory compliance are also discussed. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of research in graphene-based nanomaterials for industrial wastewater treatment. By critically evaluating the existing iterature, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners seeking to advance sustainable and effective strategies for the industrial wastewater treatment through the integration of graphene-based nanomaterials.

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Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite to Graphene-Based Nanomaterials

Cited by 15 publications

References 47 publications

Optimization of the Electrochemical Method of Obtaining Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs)

Optimization of the Electrochemical Method of Obtaining Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs)

Impact of Physical and Chemical Modification of the Surface of Porous Al2O3 Ceramic Membranes on the Quality of Transferred HSMG® and CVD Graphene

Graphene’s Role in the Clean-Up Act: Progress in Industrial Wastewater Treatment

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