Electrochemical functionalization of SWNT bundles in acid and salt media as observed by Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Rafailov, P. M.; Thomsen, C.; Monev, M.; Dettlaff‐Weglikowska, Urszula; Roth, S.

doi:10.1002/pssb.200879569

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…As shown in Figure 2, the ratio of I D /I G continued to increase with the extension of time during the ozone oxidation process, which reflects the increased functionalized degree of the nanotubes. A similar phenomenon was also reported by Rafailov for modified nanotubes through the electrochemical approach [38]. The I D /I G ratio was significantly enhanced with the increase of applied voltage, indicating that a higher voltage would be beneficial to functionalize SWNTs.…”

Section: Raman Spectra Of Cntssupporting

confidence: 85%

Application of Raman spectroscopy in carbon nanotube-based polymer composites

Gao

Tan

et al. 2010

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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Raman spectroscopy has been widely used to identify the physical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and to assess their functionalization as well as orientation. Recently, Raman spectroscopy has become a powerful tool to characterize the interfacial properties between CNTs and polymer matrices. This review provides an overview of micro-Raman spectroscopy of CNTs and its application in studying CNT reinforced polymer composites. Based on the specific Raman band shifts relating to the mechanical deformation of CNTs, Raman scattering can be used to evaluate the interactions between the CNTs and the surrounding polymer in the composites, and to detect the phase transitions of the polymer, and investigate the local stress state as well as the Young's modulus of the CNTs. Moreover, we also review the current progress of Raman spectroscopy in various CNT macroarchitectures (such as films, fibers as well as composite fibers). The microscale structural deformation of CNT macroarchitectures and strain transfer factors from macroscale architectures to microscale structures are inferred. Based on an in situ Raman-tensile test, we further predict the Young's modulus of the CNT macroarchitectures and reveal the dominating factors affecting the mechanical performances of the CNT macroarchitectures. Raman spectroscopy, carbon nanotube, composites, CNT macroarchitecture Citation:Gao Y, Li L Y, Tan P H, et al. Application of Raman spectroscopy in carbon nanotube-based polymer composites.

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Section: Raman Spectra Of Cntssupporting

confidence: 85%

Application of Raman spectroscopy in carbon nanotube-based polymer composites

Gao

Tan

et al. 2010

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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“…Thus, the shift of the C 1s peak to lower binding energies has been reported. 36,39,53,54 Dettlaf-Weglikowska et al 36,39 explained this behavior as an effect of the electron-accepting character of the chlorine attached to the surface of the nanotubes. Nevertheless, in our case, no shift of the C 1s peak was observed but only an increase in the peak asymmetry.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Tetrachloride Cold Plasma for Extensive Chlorination of Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2013

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This article reports a new way to covalently bond chlorine to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by using a carbon tetrachloride cold plasma treatment. Several factors controlling the efficiency of the plasma treatment were considered. In particular, the methodology to produce the plasma and the temperature and time of treatment were taken into account. The largest chlorine surface concentration was obtained when the MWCNTs were treated with helium plasma before the CCl 4 plasma to activate the surface. Short periods of plasma treatment (5−10 min) were then sufficient to reach high degrees of chlorination (up to 19.2% by weight) much larger than those previously reported. The functionalization takes place mainly in the borders and defects of the tubes, thus preserving the conjugation existing in the graphene layers. Moreover, the treatments show no influence on the textural characteristics of the nanotubes (i.e., porosity and interlayer spacing). Therefore, the method proposed in this work is an excellent approach to introducing surface chlorine atoms, capable of acting as leaving groups, as a first step for further functionalization with more complex molecules, while preserving the morphology and mechanical properties of the nanotubes still intact.

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“…Therefore, the Fermi level shift toward the valence band increases the amount of holes at the band edge, leading to a transport mechanism comparable to that of a doped semiconductor 27. The conductivity is subsequently sharply suppressed by covalent bond formation (affecting the first metallic SWNTs) 26 and partial disintegration of the bundles (see Fig. 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For | U | > 1 V functionalization of the SWNTs and above 1140 mV even covalent bonding to Cl is possible due to the exceeding of its oxidation potential 26. It is interesting to examine the impact of these processes on the nanotubes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the Raman intensity and the transport properties of SWNTs in various electrochemical doping stages – Exciton effects and functionalization‐induced DOS changes

Rafailov

Monev

Bretzler

et al. 2010

Physica Status Solidi (b)

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Phone: þ359 2 979 5718, Fax: þ359 2 975 36 32We monitored the full sequence of electrochemical doping of a single-walled carbon nanotube-bundle sample (mean tube diameter 1.35 nm) in a NH 4 Cl solution from double-layer charging to intercalation and functionalization with Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transport measurements. The different doping dependences of the Raman intensity of metallic and semiconducting tubes are explained with the excitonic nature of the Raman effect in SWNTs. Temperature-dependent conductivity measurements indicate a decreasing metallicity of the sample in the non-covalent functionalization region where the conductivity still increases with doping level. We attribute this phenomenon to changes in the density of states of metallic SWNTs.

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Electrochemical functionalization of SWNT bundles in acid and salt media as observed by Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Cited by 16 publications

References 17 publications

Application of Raman spectroscopy in carbon nanotube-based polymer composites

Application of Raman spectroscopy in carbon nanotube-based polymer composites

Carbon Tetrachloride Cold Plasma for Extensive Chlorination of Carbon Nanotubes

Evolution of the Raman intensity and the transport properties of SWNTs in various electrochemical doping stages – Exciton effects and functionalization‐induced DOS changes

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