Electrochemical Growth of Iron Sulfide Films in H<sub>2</sub>S-Saturated Chloride Media

Vedage, Hyacinth; Ramanarayanan, T. A.; Mumford, J. D.; Smith, Stephen N.

doi:10.5006/1.3299205

Cited by 117 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…The corrosion resistance of the API X100 steel increases when the hydrogen sulfide concentration is increased from 0 to 21 ppm. This observation is attributed to the iron sulfide film formation and growth [13,35], which is in good agreement with the findings of Tang et al [36], who observed similar iron sulfide film deposits on the SAE-1020 carbon steel when exposed to a sour environment. Furthermore, the increase in the hydrogen sulfide concentrations from 14 to 21 ppm showed evidence of crack development, which may be ascribed to hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC).…”

Section: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (Eis)supporting

confidence: 82%

“…A representative microstructure of the target steel is shown in Figure 1. sulfide on the steel surface during the sour corrosion process can be either protective or non-protective [12,13]. It has been reported that the formed corrosion product layer during the corrosion of API X52 is significantly composed of iron sulfide and various oxides, which enhance the protective properties of the film [4].…”

Section: Materials Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corrosion Behavior of API X100 Steel Material in a Hydrogen Sulfide Environment

Okonkwo

Shakoor

Benamor

et al. 2017

Metals

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Abstract:Recently, the API X100 steel has emerged as an important pipeline material for transportation of crude oil and natural gas. At the same time, the presence of significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) in natural gas and crude oil cause pipeline materials to corrode, which affects their integrity. In this study, the effect of H 2 S concentration on the corrosion behavior of API X100 in 3.5% NaCl solution is presented. The H 2 S gas was bubbled into saline solutions for different durations, and the corrosion tests were then performed using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used to characterize the corroded surface. The results indicate that the corrosion rate of API X100 steel decreases with increasing H 2 S bubbling time due to the increase in H 2 S concentration in 3.5% NaCl solutions. It is noticed that an accumulation of a critical amount of hydrogen in the metal can result in hydrogen-induced crack initiation and propagation. It was further observed that, when the stress limit of a crystalline layer is exceeded, micro-cracking of the formed protective sulfide layer (mackinawite) occurs on the API X100 steel surface, which may affect the reliability of the pipeline system.

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Section: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (Eis)supporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Materials Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion Behavior of API X100 Steel Material in a Hydrogen Sulfide Environment

Okonkwo

Shakoor

Benamor

et al. 2017

Metals

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“…20 However, mackinawite has been found to be the initial, 8,21 and probably most important corrosion product, of iron in aqueous sulfide solutions as it was observed in reactions carried out over a wide range of pH and temperature. 11,19,[22][23][24] It possesses a tetragonal, layered crystal structure, [25][26][27] and can be synthesized by precipitation from solutions containing Fe 2+ and S 2− solutions, 28,29 or by reaction of sulfide solution with metallic iron. 19,21,26,30 In the field of microbially induced corrosion, sulfatereducing bacteria are known to transform sulfate compounds into iron sulfides, e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman Spectroscopy of Mackinawite FeS in Anodic Iron Sulfide Corrosion Products

Genchev

Erbe

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

119

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Raman spectroscopy in a confocal microscope was used to study electrochemically synthesized corrosion products from sour gas experiments. When exposed to oxygen-containing atmosphere, the initial mackinawite FeS corrosion product transformed under laser irradiation to hematite, Fe 2 O 3 . Measurements with a thin water layer on top of the corrosion products prevented the transformation, as drying was prevented. In situ Raman measurements of mackinawite formation avoided the problem of transformation completely. In situ and operando, the initially formed mackinawite showed two Raman peaks in the wavenumber range >180 cm −1 centered around 200-215 cm −1 and 285-300 cm −1 . On an empirical basis, these modes were assigned to a B 1g mode of the iron sublattice and an A 1g mode of the sulfur sublattice, respectively. A comparison with a literature assignment for aged mackinawite suggests that the aging observed involves significant changes in the sulfur sublattice. Corrosion of iron in H 2 S containing solutions is a general problem in crude oil and natural gas production, and is generally referred to as sour corrosion. Aqueous H 2 S solutions promote corrosion of steels, [1][2][3] but the exact nature and mechanisms of corrosion strongly depend on the reaction conditions. 4-7 While the process has been widely investigated for pure iron, [8][9][10][11][12] and carbon steels, [13][14][15][16][17] there is still a lack of understanding of the reaction path and electronic properties of the corrosion products. 18,19The chemistry of the corrosion products formed during H 2 Striggered corrosion is rather complex, as there are many different solids consisting only of iron and sulfur. 20 However, mackinawite has been found to be the initial, 8,21 and probably most important corrosion product, of iron in aqueous sulfide solutions as it was observed in reactions carried out over a wide range of pH and temperature. 11,19,[22][23][24] It possesses a tetragonal, layered crystal structure, [25][26][27] and can be synthesized by precipitation from solutions containing Fe 2+ and S 2− solutions, 28,29 or by reaction of sulfide solution with metallic iron. 19,21,26,30 In the field of microbially induced corrosion, sulfatereducing bacteria are known to transform sulfate compounds into iron sulfides, e.g. mackinawite. [31][32][33][34][35][36] Raman spectroscopy has become an important tool for identification of corrosion products. [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] Some major problems may still occur due to laser heating, fluorescence, or low sensitivity as a consequence of the small cross-sections of Raman scattering. However, the fact that glass and water are both very weak Raman scatterers makes this technique suitable for in situ measurements in aqueous environments. 46-48The presence of water has an additional positive effect on the process as it decreases the heating from the laser. The use of (in situ and operando) Raman spectroscopy for study corrosion process studies of iron in sulfide rich environments has been already repor...

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“…In the past years, the weight loss method; the XRD analysis of corrosion product scales formed in H 2 S-H 2 O, H 2 S-NaCl-H 2 O, and CO 2 -H 2 S-H 2 O corrosion environments; and later the equilibrium calculations and the prediction corrosion models were substantially carried out [13][14][15][16]. In addition, the studies of the corrosion behavior investigated by electrochemical techniques in H 2 Scontaining system have relatively few literatures [2,17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion resistance of the anti‐sulfide steel in the CO₂/H₂S containing solutions

Bai

Yin

Wei

et al. 2010

Materials & Corrosion

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The present work primarily investigates the corrosion characterization of the common P110 steel and the anti-sulfide P110SS steel in CO 2 -containing solution with or without hydrosulfuric acid (H 2 S) at 70 8C. The electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization sweep and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to disclose the differences of the corrosion mechanisms between both P110 and P110SS steels in CO 2 -containing solution with various additions of H 2 S. The EIS data fitted by ZsimpWin software were analyzed and discussed. The experimental results indicated that H 2 S could accelerate and also inhibit the corrosion attack according to the changes of corrosive environments.

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Electrochemical Growth of Iron Sulfide Films in H₂S-Saturated Chloride Media

Cited by 117 publications

References 0 publications

Corrosion Behavior of API X100 Steel Material in a Hydrogen Sulfide Environment

Corrosion Behavior of API X100 Steel Material in a Hydrogen Sulfide Environment

Raman Spectroscopy of Mackinawite FeS in Anodic Iron Sulfide Corrosion Products

Corrosion resistance of the anti‐sulfide steel in the CO₂/H₂S containing solutions

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Electrochemical Growth of Iron Sulfide Films in H2S-Saturated Chloride Media

Cited by 117 publications

References 0 publications

Corrosion Behavior of API X100 Steel Material in a Hydrogen Sulfide Environment

Corrosion Behavior of API X100 Steel Material in a Hydrogen Sulfide Environment

Raman Spectroscopy of Mackinawite FeS in Anodic Iron Sulfide Corrosion Products

Corrosion resistance of the anti‐sulfide steel in the CO2/H2S containing solutions

Contact Info

Product

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Electrochemical Growth of Iron Sulfide Films in H₂S-Saturated Chloride Media

Corrosion resistance of the anti‐sulfide steel in the CO₂/H₂S containing solutions