Electrochemical Growth of Single-Crystal Metal Nanowires via a Two-Dimensional Nucleation and Growth Mechanism

Tian, Mingliang; Wang, Jinguo; Kurtz, James S.; Mallouk, Thomas E.; Chan, Moses H. W.

doi:10.1021/nl034217d

Cited by 376 publications

(378 citation statements)

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“…This can be produced by plasma or vacuum deposition of a metal layer on one side of the membrane (25) and requires that the membrane film be robust enough to tolerate this kind of manipulation. The thickness of the conductive layer is typically 100-1000 nm (45)(46)(47). The metal which produces the conductive layer can be the same or different from the one that will provide the final template structure.…”

Section: Electrochemical Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Template Deposition of Metals

Ugo

Moretto

2007

Handbook of Electrochemistry

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Template synthesis is a relatively simple and easy procedure which has made the fabrication of rather sophisticated nanomaterials accessible to almost any laboratory. Template synthesis requires access to instrumentation capable of metal sputtering and electrochemical deposition. The characterization of the fabricated nanostructures can be done using instrumental techniques including spectrophotometry, voltammetry, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electronic microscopies (scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)).The method is based on the simple but effective idea that the pores of a host material can be used as a template to direct the growth of new materials. Historically, template synthesis was introduced by Possin (1) and refined by Williams and Giordano (2) who prepared different metallic nanowires with widths as small as 10 nm within the pores of etched nuclear damaged tracks in mica. It was further developed by Martin's group (3-5) and followed by others (6) with the number of examples and applications (7) continually increasing. The nanoporous membranes usually employed as templates are alumina or track-etched polymeric membranes which are widely used as ultrafiltration membranes. Recently, metal nanostructures have also been obtained using the pores created by self-assembly in block copolymer structures under the influence of electric fields and high temperatures (8, 9).The first part of this section focuses on the main characteristics and fabrication techniques used for obtaining templating membranes and depositing metal nanostructures by suitable electroless and electrochemical procedures. Methods such as sol-gel (10-12) or chemical vapor deposition (10, 13), which have been used primarily for the template deposition of carbon, oxides, or semiconducting-based materials, will not be considered here in detail. The second part of the section focuses on the electrochemical properties of the fabricated nanomaterials with emphasis on the characteristics and applications of nanoelectrode ensembles (NEEs). Templating membranes 16.2.2

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Section: Electrochemical Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metal Deposition potentiostatic conditions. In the case of track-etched PC, it was recently shown that the addition of 1-2% gelatin to the plating solution improves the wettability of the nanoporous membrane, thus improving the reproducibility of the electrodeposition step (45,(48)(49)(50).…”

Section: Electrochemical Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Template Deposition of Metals

Ugo

Moretto

2007

Handbook of Electrochemistry

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“…[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Meanwhile experimentally, twins, a class of planar defects, are observed most often in single-crystal metal ͑copper, silver, and gold͒ nanowires with a ͓111͔ growth orientation. 15,16 Because twin boundaries ͑TBs͒ in nanowires will strongly affect the physical properties of nanowires, it is of great significance to investigate the details of twin structures and their roles in metal nanowires. Until now, there are still some key issues about twin related deformation which are not quite clear and need fundamental understanding.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15,16 The initial configuration of the twinned nanowires is constructed by repeating ⌺3 coherent twins in the ͗111͘ axis orientation. 18 Four samples are prepared for the simulations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation mechanisms of face-centered-cubic metal nanowires with twin boundaries

Cao

Wei

Mao

2007

Applied Physics Letters

162

111

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This letter addresses the issue of deformation mechanisms and mechanical tensile behavior of the twinned metal nanowires using atomistic simulations. Free surfaces are always the preferential dislocation nucleation sites in the initial inelastic deformation stage, while with further plastic deformation, twin boundary interfaces will act as sources of dislocations with the assistance of the newly formed defects. The smaller the twin boundary spacing, the higher the yielding stresses of the twinned nanowires. Twin boundaries, which serve both as obstacles to dislocation motion and dislocation sources, can lead to hardening effects and contribute to the tensile ductility. This work illustrates that the mechanical properties of metal nanowires could be controlled by tailoring internal growth twin structures. © 2007 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.2721367͔Due to the unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, materials with nanometer-sized structure have attracted a great deal of interest in the past few decades [1][2][3] Many researchers have demonstrated, through both experiments and analysis, that the structure and properties of nanowires can be quite different from those of bulk materials due to the effects of larger free surfaces. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Simulations reported in the previous literatures are generally defect-free and the sizes of the modeled wires are usually smaller than 6 nm. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Meanwhile experimentally, twins, a class of planar defects, are observed most often in single-crystal metal ͑copper, silver, and gold͒ nanowires with a ͓111͔ growth orientation. 15,16 Because twin boundaries ͑TBs͒ in nanowires will strongly affect the physical properties of nanowires, it is of great significance to investigate the details of twin structures and their roles in metal nanowires. Until now, there are still some key issues about twin related deformation which are not quite clear and need fundamental understanding. For example, what is the role of TBs in mechanical deformation? Does it act as grain boundaries or surfaces? In our recent work, the mechanical behavior of fivefold twinned nanowires is studied. 17 We found that the strengthening mechanism in the fivefold twinned nanowires is due to the TBs as obstacles to the dislocation motion. In this letter, we address the effect of TBs on inelastic deformation of the twinned nanowires using atomistic simulations.In this work we focus on twinned Cu nanowires with ͗111͘ growth orientation and nearly square cross section as indicated from the experimental observations. 15,16 The initial configuration of the twinned nanowires is constructed by repeating ⌺3 coherent twins in the ͗111͘ axis orientation. 18 Four samples are prepared for the simulations. The first one consists of two twins, the second consists of four twins, and the third contains five twins. The twin boundary spacings ͑TBSs͒ of the first, second, and third wires are 14 nm ͑sample I͒, 7 nm ͑sample II͒, and 5 nm ͑sample III͒, respect...

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“…Thus, the electrodeposition from silver complex solutions is preferred. Previous research shows that the deposition of silver nanowires from solutions formed principally with a diversity of additives: acetaldehyde [12], cyanide [10], potassium thiocyanate [8] and nitric acid [2]. Some of these solutions are toxicity, or the pH values are too low or too high, so they are not applicable for AAO template because the solubility process of amorphous alumina membranes begins at pH < 5 and pH > 8.2 [13].…”

Section: Silver Nanowire Growth Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-crystal silver nanowires: Preparation and Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) property

et al. 2009

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a b s t r a c t Keywords:Silver nanowire AAO SERS Ordered Ag nanowire arrays with high aspect ratio and high density self-supporting Ag nanowire patterns were successfully prepared using potentiostatic electrodeposition within the confined nanochannels of a commercial porous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) template. X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction analysis show that the as-synthesized samples have preferred (220) orientation. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy investigation reveal that large-area and ordered Ag nanowire arrays with smooth surface and uniform diameter were synthesized. Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectra show that the Ag nanowire arrays as substrates have high SERS activity.

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Electrochemical Growth of Single-Crystal Metal Nanowires via a Two-Dimensional Nucleation and Growth Mechanism

Cited by 376 publications

References 28 publications

Template Deposition of Metals

Template Deposition of Metals

Deformation mechanisms of face-centered-cubic metal nanowires with twin boundaries

Single-crystal silver nanowires: Preparation and Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) property

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