Electrochemical immunoassay of estrone at an antibody-modified conducting polymer electrode towards immunobiosensors

Pencil Electrodes for Determination of Dopamine, Serotonin and Ascorbic Acid

“…There are several types of carbon materials available that are suitable for electrochemical applications, among them glassy carbon (12)(13)(14)(15)(16), graphite (11,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) and recently, carbon nanotubes (19,(23)(24)(25). In order to resolve simultaneously AA, DA and 5-HT that are oxidized at similar potentials at conventional electrodes, chemically modified electrodes are frequently used for their determination [16,20,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Despite the sensitivity and selectivity of these modified electrodes, poor reproducibility in the response is observed.…”

Citrinin (CIT) determination in rice samples using a micro fluidic electrochemical immunosensor

“…The immobilization of antigens or antibodies is vital in the construction of the immunosensor, as it plays a fundamental role in what concerns the stability, reproducibility and sensibility of the measured signal [28,29]. Immobilization processes found in the literature are based on the use of polymeric membranes [27,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], Langmuir-Blodgett films [39], pre-modification with the protein A [40][41][42][43], gold nanoparticles [32,42,[44][45][46] and thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAM) [47][48][49][50]. The SAM technique offers some of the simplest way to generate reproducible, ultrafine and very ordered monolayers, which can then be modified with the antigen or antibody [51].…”