Electrochemical immunosensor development based on core-shell high-crystalline graphitic carbon nitride@carbon dots and Cd0.5Zn0.5S/d-Ti3C2Tx MXene composite for heart-type fatty acid–binding protein detection

Abstract

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a significant health problem owing to its high mortality rate. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (h-FABP) is an important biomarker in the diagnosis of AMI. In this work, an electrochemical h-FABP immunosensor was developed based on Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S/d-Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene (MXene: Transition metal carbide or nitride) composite as signal amplificator and core-shell high-crystalline graphitic carbon nitride@carbon dots (hc-g-C 3 N 4 @CDs) as electrochemical sensor platform. Firstly, a facile calcination technique was applied to the preparation of hc-g-C 3 N 4 @CDs and immobilization of primary antibody was performed on hc-g-C 3 N 4 @CDs surface. Then, the conjugation of the second antibody to Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S/d-Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene was carried out by strong π-π and electrostatic interactions. The prepared electrochemical h-FABP immunosensor was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) method, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The prepared electrochemical h-FABP immunosensor indicated a good sensitivity with detection limit (LOD) of 3.30 fg mL −1 in the potential range +0.1 to +0.5 V. Lastly, low-cost, satisfactory stable, and environmentally friendly immunosensor was presented for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

Carbon Dots: Classification, Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Health Care—An Updated Review (2018–2021)

“…CDs-based antibody sensors have also shown evidence in monitoring cardiovascular diseases like acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Very recently, Karaman and co-workers reported an electrochemical immunosensor for detecting heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (h-FABP), which is significant for the early diagnosis of AMI [227]. Herein, coreshell high-crystalline graphitic carbon nitride decorated carbon dots (hc-g-C 3 N 4 @CDs) and Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S/d-Ti 3 C 2 Tx MXene nanocomposite (MXene: Transition metal nitride or carbide) were employed as electrode modifiers for signal amplification.…”

“…Subsequently, the primary antibodies were bio-immobilized onto the surface of hc-g-C 3 N 4 @CDs. Thereafter, Cd 0.5 Zn 0.5 S/d-Ti 3 C 2 Tx MXene nanocomposites were fused with secondary antibodies via strong electrostatic and π-π interactions [227]. The characterization of as-constructed antibody sensors was achieved using EIS, cyclic voltammetry (CV), XPS, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM.…”

“…The characterization of as-constructed antibody sensors was achieved using EIS, cyclic voltammetry (CV), XPS, FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TEM. Using CV, DPV, and EIS techniques, this sandwich-type immunoassay could show a wide linear range from 0.01 to 1 pg mL −1 of h-FABP concentration, with an LOD of 3.3 fg mL −1 [227].…”

Carbon Material Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Gastric Cancer Markers Detection

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Label-free Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Aptasensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Lung Cancer Biomarker Carcinoembryonic Antigen

“…This led to the use of tumor markers Li et al (2020a), Duan et al (2021), Li et al (2021), Wang et al (2021), which are chemical-based substances that reflect the presence of tumors. They are not found in normal adult tissues but only in embryonic tissues Karimi-Maleh et al (2021c), Karaman (2021), Karaman et al (2021), or are present in tumor tissues at levels that greatly exceed those found in normal tissues (Li et al, 2020b;Vajhadin et al, 2020). Their presence or quantitative changes can reveal the nature of tumors, lend to the understanding of tumor histogenesis, cell differentiation and cell function, which can provide assistance in tumor diagnosis, classification and treatment guidance.…”