Electrochemical immunosensor platform based on gold-clusters, cysteamine and glutaraldehyde modified electrode for diagnosing COVID-19

Abstract

Graphical abstract

A rapid, ultrasensitive voltammetric biosensor for determining SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in real samples

“…Added to that, both peaks at -200 mV and 1430 mV increased with proportional amounts of the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. Unlike the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen on the sensor surface in our previous study ( Liv, 2021 ), the groups containing heteroatoms such as hydroxyl on the surface of the biosensor belonging to the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody were oxidized during the anodic scan. The peak height of the biosensor increased in the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen in 0.01 M (pH 7.5) PBS solution due to the increasing oxidation ability belonging to the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen and antibody.…”

“…Although methods of diagnosing viral diseases abound in the literature, the most commonly used methods are real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ( Chan et al, 2020 ; Lan et al, 2020 ; Park et al, 2020 ; Van Kasteren et al, 2020 ; Yang et al, 2020 ), lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) ( Andryukov, 2020 ; Huang et al, 2020 ; Zeng et al, 2020 ) and electrochemical biosensing ( Fabiani et al, 2020 ; Seo et al, 2020 ; Torrente-Rodríguez et al, 2020 ; Vadlamani et al, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ; Liv, 2021 ). With some standard protocols in circulation, RT-PCR is the primary method of diagnosing such diseases, despite being slow and expensive and requiring personnel trained to perform nasopharyngeal swab sampling ( Li et al, 2020 ; Seo et al, 2020 ; Torrente-Rodríguez et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Last, prominent electrochemical methods, deriving from antibody-based ( Fabiani et al, 2020 ; Torrente-Rodríguez et al, 2020 ; Vadlamani et al, 2020 ) and antigen-based ( Seo et al, 2020 ; Torrente-Rodríguez et al, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ) studies, involve preparing electrodes during immunoassay, which can take up to 5 h and have limit of detection (LOD) values at the high magnitude of ng/mL ( Fabiani et al, 2020 ; Vadlamani et al, 2020 ). Liv (2021) has recently shown a method with a 0.01 ag/mL of LOD for the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody in synthetic, saliva and oropharyngeal swab samples, while this method is important in terms of monitoring the disease after infection rather than early diagnosis. Beyond that, preparing antigen sensitive sensors can require 7 to 29 h ( Seo et al, 2020 ; Torrente-Rodríguez et al, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ).…”

Colorimetric and electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen with a gold nanoparticle-based biosensor

“…Due to those combined advantages, electrochemical and colorimetric biosensors and/or methods could be developed to determine molecular SARS-CoV-2 antigens, antibodies and/or their fragments. Indeed, in the past few months alone, several nanoscale integrated structures based on optical and electronic systems have been reportedly been able to detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with high sensitivity [ [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] ].…”

Electrochemical biosensing platform based on hydrogen bonding for detection of the SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody

“…Among those techniques, RT-PCR is the one most commonly used due to its standardisation, good sensitivity and selectivity. Even so, RT-PCR is also expensive, labour-intensive and time-consuming, as well as requires experienced personnel, remains exclusive to laboratory-based medical institutions [ 3 , 17 , 45 , 47 , 48 ] and, even worse, has a high false-negative ratio (i.e. 20–67%) depending on the time since infection [ 61 , 62 ].…”