Electrochemical immunosensors in breast and ovarian cancer

Design of an Affibody-Based Recognition Strategy for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) Detection by Electrochemical Biosensors

“…Unfortunately, for many types of cancers, the first outward symptoms appear late in disease progression; therefore, cancer biomarker detection in biological fluids including serum, sputum and urine has an important role in early cancer detection [2,3]. The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or ErbB) family and is a trans-membrane tyrosine kinase receptor [4]. The level of HER2 in serum has a direct relationship with the risk of diseases such as ovarian, lung, gastric and oral cancers [5,6].…”

“…The level of HER2 in serum has a direct relationship with the risk of diseases such as ovarian, lung, gastric and oral cancers [5,6]. The extracellular domain (ECD) of cleaved HER2 protein enters into the serum, serving as an indicator of increased HER2 expression [4,7]. The HER2 concentration in the serum of breast cancer patients is 15-75 ng/mL, which is elevated when compared to that of normal individuals (2-15 ng/mL) [8].…”

“…Immunosensors are important analytical tools designed to detect the binding event between the antibody and antigen without the need for separation and washing steps [4]. The most common types of immunosensors are found in electrochemical [7,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], optical [22,23], and gravimetric [24] sensors.…”

A label-free electrochemical affisensor for cancer marker detection: The case of HER2

“…Rapid diagnosis by evaluation of cancer biomarkers in body fluids remains a complementary and necessary analysis for diagnostic and theranostic purposes. Recently, advancements in molecular biology have led to the discovery of novel biomarkers that can show the stage of the disease [4,5]. One of the most used biomarker is human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) that can be measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or of pharmacologic responses to therapeutic intervention.…”

Alkaline phosphatase labeled antibody-based electrochemical biosensor for sensitive HE4 tumor marker detection

“…Because ovarian cancers typically manifest few specific symptoms, more than 70% of patients are diagnosed at an advanced course of the disease [4] and only 20-30% of patients in such cases can be cured [5]. Current diagnoses habitually rely on histological evaluation of tumor masses and determination of specific serum biomarkers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay, as well as western blot [6,7]. Laboratory diagnosis is mostly based on quantitative determination of cancer antigen 125 [2,3], which is the standard tumor marker for the detection of ovarian cancer in current clinical practice [8] and also employed for the evaluation of biomarker serum level before treatment, for therapeutic response evaluation during chemotherapy, and in patient monitoring during follow-up to detect recurrences [2,3].…”