Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Characterization of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors

Abstract

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is becoming increasingly widely used in the field of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, mainly for characterization of the sensor assemblies, but also as a diagnostic and as a quantitative detection method. The advantages of using EIS are outlined, the information that can be obtained from spectra that is useful for sensor development, and the possibilities for quantitative measurements are discussed. Illustrative examples include the characterization of the interfacial region associated with self-assembled monolayers, the use of impedance to deduce electrooxidation kinetics of nucleic acids in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation in order to avoid adsorption, cation-exchange-polymer-coated electrochemical sensors used for the analysis of trace metal ions in environmental samples and redox-mediated electrochemical enzyme biosensors.

Impedimetric and Plasmonic Sensing of Collagen I Using a Half-Antibody-Supported, Au-Modified, Self-Assembled Monolayer System

“…The AuNPs SAM has a minus charge due to the citrate anions used for nanoparticle stabilization, which creates an environment suitable for the electrostatic immobilization of antibodies. For these approaches, the selection of the pH conditions preserves the plus charges on the F c part of the antibodies and allows for the right immobilization of whole antibodies with F ab parts, which are responsible for antigen recognition, exposed in the sample solution [53,54,64].…”

“…Implementation of Electrochemical Spectroscopy Impedance as a quantifying method enables to record very precisely the electrochemical signal of the electron transfer resistance with high sensitivity. [64] The adapted parameters of EIS, such as bias potential and frequency, ensure not having any negative impact on the stability of the receptor layer, in comparison to cyclic voltammetry (CV), which requires a wide range of applied potential. [65] Impedance spectroscopy plays an important role to evaluate the electrochemical condition, stability of the sensor electrode and to detect the rate of charge transfer, absorption of the proteins, ion exchange and interaction between the antibody-antigen recognition.…”

Label-Free Impedance Sensing of Aflatoxin B1 with Polyaniline Nanofibers/Au Nanoparticle Electrode Array

“…These adsorptions can be determined by the semicircular high-frequency region of the impedance spectra recorded at half-wave potential and fitted to an RC parallel circuit. The charge transfer resistance (R ct ) can be utilized to evaluate the standard rate constant of the oxidized species using this expression where is the standard rate constant, A is the area of the electrode, is the concentration of the electroactive species, n , R , t and F have their usual meanings [ 9 ]. Recently, various EIS based biosensors utilized the variation in Rct or CPE as a quantifying tool for the detection of food pathogen detection sensors.…”

Biosensors and nanobiosensors for rapid detection of autoimmune diseases: a review

“…Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) biosensor is a powerful and nondestructive technique which has recently been increasingly used as diagnostic tools [54]. In a study by Wilson et al (2015) a label-free EIS immunosensor has been employed for detection of anti-transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibodies in patients with celiac disease.…”