Electrochemical Implantation of Alkali Metals

Cathodic Synthesis of Tetraalkyltin Compounds

“…Implantation of alkali metals is frequently observed at soft metal cathodes (11) including Pb and Sn. Often it results in cathode disintegration.…”

To the theory of electrocapillarity

“…(41) for a system composed of a liquid metal and an infinitely diluted solution (a virtually pure solvent): (43) (here, we accepted E = -∆χ/z and, because the field intensity E is screened at a distance of the molecular dipole length, z ≈ /e = µ 0 /e (see Eq. (20)).…”

“…In this potential range, an intense emulsification of mercury takes place also in aqueous solutions [37]. There are numerous experimental data on the dispersion of both liquid and solid metals in the cathodic potential range [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45].…”

“…At the same time, organic substances sometimes can strongly distort the ECC. Therefore, in a general case of binary solutions, we should introduce certain corrections in the original equation (43) related to the perturbations caused by the solutes. In other words, we should represent the bound surface charge σ bnd as a sum of the contributions from the polarization both of the solvent and solute: σ bnd = ΣN i α i E = ΣN i α i ∆χ.…”

Deposition and Dissolution of Metals and Alloys. Part B: Mechanisms, Kinetics, Texture, and Morphology

“…All the above causes of deviation arise from a free-energy change different from that underlying the reversible potential, and hence the deviation of the established electrode potential from the reversible one can be expressed as: till = -a(aG)/zF (7) If the crystal grains are decreasing in size, the reversible potential should shift to more negative values (Stockholm conversion) because of the increasing effect of surface free energy, known in vapor pressure or solubility measurements as the Kelvin effect. If the equivalent radius of a metal crystallite is r, the shift of the reversible electrode potential with respect to that of a large crystal grain (r ~ 00) will be aE = 2"V m zFr (8) where" is the surface tension of the metal.…”