Electrochemical mechanism of tin membrane electro‐deposition in chloride solutions

Abstract

BACKGROUND A new membrane electro‐deposition based process for tin recovery from stannous solid waste was introduced. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CHR) was applied to investigate the electrodeposition of tin(II) from a stannous chloride acid electrolyte containing an amine non‐ionic surfactant by using a membrane cell. RESULTS Electrochemical mechanism analysis results showed that 0.3% vol. amine non‐ionic surfactant facilitated ions diffusion by increasing the diffusion coefficient from 8.32E‐12 m2 s−1 to 2.85E‐11 m2 s−1, and inhibited tin(II) ions reduction as well as tin nucleation and hydrogen evolution. The applied ionic membrane did not hinder tin electrodeposition, while tin(II) ions reduction and hydrogen evolution was weakened with increasing HCl concentration from 1.5 to 4.5 mol L−1 and Sn2+ concentration increased from 20 to 80 g L−1. CONCLUSIONS The tin(II) reduction process is proved to be irreversible and diffusion‐controlled, while the nucleation and growth of tin was involved in the process of diffusion for the proton reduction occuring in parallel with tin electrodeposition, and the process follows the mechanism of three‐dimensional instantaneous nucleation and subsequent grain growth limited by diffusion. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Effects of thiourea on the kinetics and electrochemical nucleation of tin electrodeposition from stannous chloride bath in acidic medium

“…This is consistent with the adsorption of TU molecules. A similar result has been reported in the literature by Lie et al, 38 which investigated the tin electrodeposition in the presence of amine non-ionic surfactant. We observed that the diffusion coefficient D of tin ions decreases with addition of TU.…”

Nucleation and Growth Behaviors of Nickel Coating by Jet Electrodeposition under the Combined Effect of Convection and Vertical Distribution

“…The current density of hydrogen reduction can be quantified using eq where P 1 = z PR Fk PR , and z PR F is the number of electrons transferred during reduction reaction, and k PR is the reaction rate constant, S ( t ) is the partial area of the electrode surface when the metal ion is deposited and is given by the expression: . The overall expression for the current density contribution due to the hydrogen reaction is given by the equation: …”

Single Atom Nucleation of Cobalt over Graphene Oxide: Theory and Experimental Study

“…Reduction of H + over the metal nuclei also contributes to the resulting current in chronoamperometry. 29,30 They proposed the contribution of the proton reduction reaction 18 as:…”

“…It was assumed that hydrogen ion reduction happens over the growing metal nuclei. Reduction of H + over the metal nuclei also contributes to the resulting current in chronoamperometry. , They proposed the contribution of the proton reduction reaction as: where z H is the number of electrons involved in the proton reduction reaction, k H is the rate constant corresponding to hydrogen ion reduction and V m is the molar volume of the metallic species over which hydrogen ion reduction takes place.…”