Electrochemical oxidation of 4-chlorophenol with granular graphite electrodes

Comparative studies on the electro-catalytic oxidation performance of surfactant–carbon nanotube-modified PbO2 electrodes

“…It is well known that the efficiency of oxidation of organic pollutants during electro-catalytic oxidation process is strongly dependent on the material of the electrodes [7,8]. Thus, a wide variety of electrode materials such as graphite [8], platinum [9], IrO 2 [10], RuO 2 [11], SnO 2 [12], PbO 2 [3] and boron-doped diamond (BDD) [13] have been investigated in literature. Among all the materials, PbO 2 and BDD are the most attractive electrodes because of their high oxygen overpotential [14].…”

Effect of operating parameters on 2-chlorophenol removal from wastewaters by a low-pressure reverse osmosis system

“…These compounds are discharged into the environment and thus found in wastewaters and water resources [8]. Some chlorophenols such as 2-chlorophenol are known as carcinogens and some are known as environmental endocrine disruptors [9]. Chlorophenols' toxicity relatively increases with the degree of chlorination [7].…”

Electro-oxidation of chlorophenols on powdered carbon electrodes of different porosity

“…Electrochemical degradation involves the cathodic reduction or the anodic oxidation of CPs. There are three possible mechanisms for their reduction to phenols: direct reduction at the cathode, hydrogenation (reduction by evolved hydrogen) and adsorption of CP at the cathode surface followed by hydrogenation [8,[19][20][21][22]. Several mechanisms of anodic oxidation have been postulated [2,4,7].…”

“…Many new modified electrode materials [4,13] have been developed to minimize the fouling effect. Electrochemical processes are accompanied by the adsorption of organics on electrode materials, especially when these are highly porous [2,8]. Reaction mechanisms have been postulated in some papers [1,2,7,9,[12][13][14].…”

“…Along with biodegradation and photodegradation processes [1], many electrochemical studies have been reported in recent years [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. A wide variety of electrode materials, such as carbon black, CB [2], glassy carbon [3,6,9], glassy carbon modified with aluminosilicates [4], graphite [5,7,8], Au [10,15], diamond [16], boron-doped diamond [11,13] and Pt [12,14] have been used for the electro-oxidative removal of CPs. In addition, the electro-polymerization behavior of CPs during voltammetric measurements (electrode fouling) has been reported, as has the fact that the tars formed display a low rate of oxidation, low permeability and strong adhesion to the electrode [14][15][16][17].…”