Electrochemical paper-based analytical devices: ten years of development

Ataide, Vanessa N.; Mendes, Letícia F.; Gama, Lillia I.L.M.; Araújo, Wanderley Pereira de; Paixão, Thiago R.L.C.

doi:10.1039/c9ay02350j

Cited by 121 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…The paper electrodes drawn with pencils are noteworthy due to the easy access to these materials and quick execution, since you only need to draw them. But this is also a disadvantage, the reproducibility of the drawing and the voltammetric response is a difficulty, but it has been circumvented by the use of stainless steel (5,26) and polyester (25) molds to draw the electrodes, and even by the use of pencil attached to a printer (29,30).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Pencil Drawn Paper‐based Analytical Device to Detect Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)*†

Ribeiro

Bento

Ipólito

et al. 2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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The need for agile and proper identification of drugs of abuse has encouraged the scientific community to improve and to develop new methodologies. The drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is still widely used due to its hallucinogenic effects. The use of voltammetric methods to analyze narcotics has increased in recent years, and the possibility of miniaturizing the electrochemical equipment allows these methods to be applied outside the laboratory; for example, in crime scenes. In addition to portability, the search for affordable and sustainable materials for use in electroanalytical research has grown in recent decades. In this context, employing paper substrate, graphite pencil, and silver paint to construct paper-based electrodes is a great alternative. Here, a paper-based device comprising three electrodes was drawn on 300 g/m 2 watercolor paper with 8B pencils, and its efficiency was compared to the efficiency of a commercially available screen-printed carbon electrode. Square wave voltammetry was used for LSD analysis in aqueous medium containing 0.05 mol/L LiClO 4. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.38 and 1.27 μmol/L, respectively. Both electrodes exhibited a similar voltammetric response, which was also confirmed during analysis of a seized LSD sample, with recovery of less than 10%. The seized samples were previously analyzed by GCMS technique, employing the full scan spectra against the software spectral library. The electrode selectivity was also tested against 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and methamphetamine. It was possible to differentiate these compounds from LSD, indicating that the developed paper-based device has potential application in forensic chemistry analyses.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Pencil Drawn Paper‐based Analytical Device to Detect Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)*†

Ribeiro

Bento

Ipólito

et al. 2020

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Section: Detection Of Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, due to their dependence on visual inspection, colorimetric assays are subject to external factors affecting device accuracy such as environmental lighting and human bias. 131,132 Evaporation of the substrate over time also results in progressive signal degradation and variability of test results based on environmental temperature and buffer pH. 132 As discussed before, novel ePADs utilize handheld potentiostats with electrodes attached to electrochemically active paper or film substrates and have increasingly been employed for the detection of bacterial enzymes to address the sensitivity issues of colorimetric assays.…”

Section: Detection Of Enzymatic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…132 As discussed before, novel ePADs utilize handheld potentiostats with electrodes attached to electrochemically active paper or film substrates and have increasingly been employed for the detection of bacterial enzymes to address the sensitivity issues of colorimetric assays. 131 Chai and coworkers developed a portable amperometric biosensor connected to a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNs) conjugated to chitosan peroxidase that monitored H 2 O 2 consumption catalyzed by Salmonella pollorum-specific catalase. 133 Increased sensitivity for the target bacterium was achieved through use of anti-Salmonella polyclonal antibodies.…”

Section: Detection Of Enzymatic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Point-of-Need Diagnostics for Foodborne Pathogen Screening

et al. 2021

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“…Similarly, Ellerbee and colleagues [ 11 ] integrated a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) with a hand-held transmittance calorimeter to detect abiotic analyte concentrations as a function of light transmittance through the μPAD. In fact, several paper-based devices have been engineered for electrochemical assays, such as bacteria-powered batteries [ 12 ] and glucose detection via amperometric sensors [ 13 ], and the evolution in design, construction, and use of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices is documented in several reviews [ 14 , 15 ]. Paper-based assays are largely implemented for detection and culture assays, which may serve to indicate the prevalence of a protein or particular microbes in culture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An inexpensive, high-throughput μPAD assay of microbial growth rate and motility on solid surfaces using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli as model organisms

et al. 2020

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Many microbial phenotypes are differentially or exclusively expressed on agar surfaces, including biofilms, motility, and sociality. However, agar-based assays are limited by their low throughput, which increases costs, lab waste, space requirements, and the time required to conduct experiments. Here, we demonstrate the use of wax-printed microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) to measure linear growth rate of microbes on an agar growth media as a means of circumventing the aforementioned limitations. The main production materials of the proposed μPAD design are a wax printer, filter paper, and empty pipet boxes. A single wax-printed μPAD allowing 8 independent, agar-grown colonies costs $0.07, compared to $0.20 and $9.37 for the same number of replicates on traditional microtiter/spectrophotometry and Petri dish assays, respectively. We optimized the μPAD design for channel width (3 mm), agar volume (780 μL/channel), and microbe inoculation method (razor-blade). Comparative analyses of the traditional and proposed μPAD methods for measuring growth rate of nonmotile (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and motile (flagellated Escherichia coli) microorganisms suggested the μPAD assays conferred a comparable degree of accuracy and reliability to growth rate measurements as their traditional counterparts. We substantiated this claim with strong, positive correlations between the traditional and μPAD assay, a significant nonzero slope in the model relating the two assays, a nonsignificant difference between the relative standard errors of the two techniques, and an analysis of inter-device reliability. Therefore, μPAD designs merit consideration for the development of enhanced-throughput, low-cost microbial growth and motility assays.

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Electrochemical paper-based analytical devices: ten years of development

Abstract: The last decade saw the development of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs).

Cited by 121 publications

References 145 publications

Development of a Pencil Drawn Paper‐based Analytical Device to Detect Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)*†

Development of a Pencil Drawn Paper‐based Analytical Device to Detect Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)*†

Point-of-Need Diagnostics for Foodborne Pathogen Screening

An inexpensive, high-throughput μPAD assay of microbial growth rate and motility on solid surfaces using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli as model organisms

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