Electrochemical performance of lithium/sulfur batteries with protected Li anodes

Metal–Air Batteries with High Energy Density: Li–Air versus Zn–Air

“…Several approaches have been pursued to improve the rechargeability and reliability of the metallic lithium electrode: i) the use of liquid or polymer electrolytes that are less reactive toward lithium electrodes; [71][72][73][74][75][76][77] ii) the protection of lithium electrodes by adding surface active agents such as hydrocarbons and quarternary ammonium salts; [ 78 , 79 ] iii) the formation of Li 2 CO 3 , LiF, LiOH, or polysulfi de by using CO 2 , [ 74 , 80-86 ] HF, [87][88][89][90] water trace, [ 74 , 81 , 91 ] and S x 2 − ; [ 80 , 92 ] iv) the formation of a stable metal alloy (LiI) by incorporating SnI 2 or AlI 3 ; [ 93 ] v) the use of surfactants such as non-ionic polyether compounds; [ 94 ] vi) uniform lithium deposition by means of pressure and temperature; [ 70 , 95 , 96 ] vii) the removal of impurities from the interface of lithium metal and electrolyte with an inorganic fi ller such as silica, alumina, zeolite, or titanate, [97][98][99][100][101][102] viii) the suppression of lithium dendrites by the formation of an ultra-thin polymer electrolyte layer based on plasma polymerization or UV irradiation polymerization. [103][104][105][106][107] The formation of a stable SEI layer on the lithium metal surface can be promoted by adding agents such as CO 2 , HF, or S x 2 − , and, thus, the dendritic lithium formation can be greatly suppressed. In the presence of CO 2 in electrolytes, the inner layer of the SEI contains Li 2 CO 3 and produces a smoother surface fi lm on the lithium electrode.…”

“…[103][104][105][106][107] The formation of a semi-interpenetrating network (IPN) structure protective layer on lithium metal electrodes was attempted to make the lithium deposition morphology less dendritic. The UV-curable formulation consists of a curable monomer (1,6-hexanediol diacrylate), polymer solution (Kynar 2801 dissolved in purifi ed tetrahydrofuran), liquid electrolyte (150 wt% EC/PC/1M LiClO 4 based on curable monomer), and photoinitiator (methyl benzoylformate, 2 wt% based on curable monomer) undergoing a fast cleavage upon photolysis to generate free radicals.…”

Highly Utilized Lithium Sulfide Active Material by Enhancing Conductivity in All-solid-state Batteries

“…1 However, Li/S batteries with an organic liquid electrolyte suffered from rapid capacity fading, mainly due to the dissolution of polysulfides, which are formed during charge discharge processes in the sulfur electrode. In order to suppress the dissolution of polysulfides into the liquid electrolyte, various approaches such as trapping in pore in carbon, 1 the use of solid polymers, 2,3 ionic liquid-based electrolytes, 4,5 and protection of lithium anodes 6 have been examined. We reported that allsolid-state Li/S cells with composite electrodes prepared by the mechanical milling (MM) of a mixture of sulfur active material, acetylene black, and Li 2 SP 2 S 5 solid electrolyte (SE) showed a high reversible capacity with good cyclability.…”

Lithium/Sulfur Secondary Batteries: A Review

“…Lithium metal protection by a layer of UV-cured polymer, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, was reported to enhance cycle performance due to the formation of stable SEI films [134]. The study on self-discharge of Li/S cell with storage time using stainless-steel (SS) current collectors showed severe self-discharge as reported by Ryu et al [51].…”