Electrochemical performance of SnO–V2O5–SiO2 glass anode for Na-ion batteries

Amorphous SnO–Sb2O3–SiO2 glassy anode: high-performance electrode materials for Na-ion batteries

“…1). As a result, the mixture of initial oxides SnO, Sb 2 O 3 , and SiO 2 became gradually amorphized as the milling time was increased [18]. It is observed from Fig.…”

“…It is also noteworthy that following the second cycle, the charge and discharge capacities were achieved to be at 620 and 531 mAh g -1 with a capacity reduction of 89 mAh g -1 with 85.6% of columbic efficiency. Furthermore, charge and discharge capacities were attained at 399 and 394 mAh g -1 after 100 cycles, with a capacity drop of 5 mAh g -1 , with a 98.7% columbic efficiency, and a final columbic efficiency of 50.4% reported with the respective initial cycle due to variations in the oxidation states of Sn ?2 /Sn ?4 will result in higher volume changes, which will reduce final columbic efficiency [18].…”

“…However, it is completely amorphous after 60 h of ball milling (Fig.1). As a result, the mixture of initial oxides SnO, Sb 2 O 3 , and SiO 2 became gradually amorphized as the milling time was increased[18]. It is observed from Fig.1that structural information of prepared glass anode materials by mechanical milling is exactly the same as the melt quenching technique.…”

“…However, each material has its own set of disadvantages, including poor electronic conductivity and chemical stability, volume change, and as well as a lower specific capacity than its theoretical capacity, which are still unresolved [13][14][15]. To address all these issues amorphous-based glass anode materials have been reported to be a higher specific capacity than those of crystallinebased compounds for both LIBs and NIBs because of the open structure and fast ion diffusion in amorphous materials than in crystals [16][17][18][19][20].…”

“…However, electrode materials prepared by mechanical high energy ball milling produce amorphous fine powders for NIBs and LIBs which have similar charge-discharge curves and cycling performances to the corresponding melt quenched glasses [23][24][25]. The use of amorphous SiO as a high-capacity anode has been reported and it also serves as a glass-forming to aid in the amorphization process [18]. Mechanical milling of amorphous materials in the system SiO-SnO is expected to yield materials with good capacity and cycle performance [24].…”