Electrochemical preparation of a molecularly imprinted polypyrrole modified pencil graphite electrode for the determination of phenothiazine in model and real biological samples

Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis

“…A dip-coating method was applied to modify a PGE from a casting solution containing carmoisine/polyaniline or copper-carmoisine complex/polyaniline [ 129 ]. To enhance the polymers ability to recognize and bind selective the analyte, they can be molecularly imprinted with the target/analyte molecule (template) by chemical grafting, soft lithography, molecular self-assembly, electropolymerization (galvanostatic, potentiostatic, and cyclic voltammetric methods), irradiation, or heating [ 118 , 168 , 169 , 173 ], followed by the template extraction from this polymer resulting a tailor made receptor that can recognize and rebind the analyte according to its shape and functionality. Besides their increased selectivity, molecularly imprinted polymers- (MIP-) modified PGEs have also other advantages like ease of preparation and low-cost and high chemical stability under various circumstances [ 111 , 125 – 127 , 148 , 161 , 175 ], but they also have some possible drawbacks as incomplete template removal, embedding of binding sites, analyte constraint accessibility to the template cavities, and electroinsulating [ 111 , 141 , 175 ].…”

“…A single electrode could be used after regeneration for 30 [ 25 , 116 ] to 90–100 consecutive runs [ 66 , 67 , 159 ] with quantitative recoveries. The response of some modified electrodes, especially modified with conducting polymers evaluated for a long period of time, showed that the sensor kept 98% of the initial performance after 70 days and 81% even after 140 days [ 34 ] or 96% of its initial response after 105 days [ 169 ].…”

Sensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

“…The constructed sensor worked on a voltammetric principle and was able to detect formladehyde with limit of detection in the parts per million (ppm) range. Similar adaptation was made for 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone [62], bisphenol A [63] and phenothiazine [64]. High toxicity of pyrrole can be mentioned as an important drawback of pyrrole.…”

Development of a Novel Molecularly Imprinted Overoxidized Polypyrrole Electrode for the Determination of Sulfasalazine

“…One of the most widely known conductive polymers is the polypyrrole (PPy) which is easy to prepare with good redox properties, stability and high conductivity. Pyrrole can be easily electropolymerized on different electrode materials . Previous studies have shown that PPy may be overoxidized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the existence of a NaOH solution .…”