Electrochemical protein biosensors for disease marker detection: progress and opportunities

Abstract

The development of artificial intelligence-enabled medical health care has created both opportunities and challenges for next-generation biosensor technology. Proteins are extensively used as biological macromolecular markers in disease diagnosis and the analysis of therapeutic effects. Electrochemical protein biosensors have achieved desirable specificity by using the specific antibody–antigen binding principle in immunology. However, the active centers of protein biomarkers are surrounded by a peptide matrix, which hinders charge transfer and results in insufficient sensor sensitivity. Therefore, electrode-modified materials and transducer devices have been designed to increase the sensitivity and improve the practical application prospects of electrochemical protein sensors. In this review, we summarize recent reports of electrochemical biosensors for protein biomarker detection. We highlight the latest research on electrochemical protein biosensors for the detection of cancer, viral infectious diseases, inflammation, and other diseases. The corresponding sensitive materials, transducer structures, and detection principles associated with such biosensors are also addressed generally. Finally, we present an outlook on the use of electrochemical protein biosensors for disease marker detection for the next few years.

Advances in electrochemical biosensors employing carbon-based electrodes for detection of biomarkers in diabetes mellitus

“…There are two main types of electrochemical cells: galvanic (voltaic) cells and electrolytic cells. However, in electrochemical sensor or biosensor applications, a three-electrode configuration is often used [ 89 ] ( Figure 4 ). This configuration includes the working electrode, which acts as the transducing element where the redox reaction occurs.…”