Electrochemical Quantification of Neurotransmitters in Single Live Cell Vesicles Shows Exocytosis is Predominantly Partial

Abstract

Exocytosis plays an essential role in the communication between cells in the nervous system. Understanding the regulation of neurotransmitter release during exocytosis and the amount of neurotransmitter content that is stored in vesicles is of importance, as it provides fundamental insights to understand how the brain works and how neurons elicit a certain behavior. In this minireview, we summarize recent progress in amperometric measurements for monitoring exocytosis in single cells and electrochemical cytometry measurements of vesicular neurotransmitter content in individual vesicles. Important steps have increased our understanding of the different mechanisms of exocytosis. Increasing evidence is firmly establishing that partial release is the primary mechanism of release in multiple cell types.

Tracking the Electrocatalytic Activity of a Single Palladium Nanoparticle for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

“…Stochastic collision electrochemistry has emerged as a unique methodology to study one entity at a time, which may be a cell, a vesicle, a nanoparticle, etc [8–23] . Some typical works based on stochastic electrochemistry have been reported by fluidizing particles collision with the conventional electrode [24] and single gold nanoparticle (Au NPs) collision with the ultramicroelectrode [25] .…”

Localization and Absolute Quantification of Dopamine in Discrete Intravesicular Compartments Using NanoSIMS Imaging

“…Intracellular vesicle impact electrochemical cytometry (IVIEC, details are included in Section 3 ), an electrochemistry technique that can be used to quantify the total number of dopamine molecules stored inside individual vesicles, was performed to validate vesicular loading [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. The results show that the average number of dopamine molecules stored per vesicle increases proportionally as the incubation time of L-DOPA increases (from 1 to 11 h) ( Figure S1 ).…”

Clinically oriented Alzheimer's biosensors: expanding the horizons towards point-of-care diagnostics and beyond

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