Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Nanobalance

Abstract

The method of piezoelectric microgravimetry (nanogravimetry) using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) or nanobalance (EQCN) can be considered as a novel and much more sensitive version of electrogravimetry. The EQCN technique has become a widely used technique in several areas of electrochemistry, electroanalytical chemistry, bioelectrochemistry, etc. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Obviously, mass changes occurring during adsorption, sorption, electrosorption, electrodeposition, or spontaneous deposition can be followed, which is very helpful for the elucidation of reaction mechanism via identification of the species accumulated on the surface. These investigations include metal and alloy deposition, underpotential deposition, electroplating, synthesis of conducting polymers by electropolymerization, adsorption of biologically active materials, and analytical determination of small ions and biomolecules. Of course, the opposite processes, i.e., spontaneous dissolution, electrodissolution, corrosion, can also be studied. Electrochemical oscillations, in which the formation and oxidation of chemisorbed molecular fragments play a determining role, have been studied, too. The majority of the investigations have been devoted to ion and solvent transport associated with the redox transformations of electrochemically active polymers. Similar studies have been carried out regarding polynuclear surface layers such as metal hexacyanometalates as well as inorganic and organic microcrystals of different compositions.The quartz crystal nanobalance (QCN) can be combined with practically any electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronocoulometry, potentiostatic, galvanostatic, rotating disc electrode [11], or potentiometric measurements. The EQCN can be further combined with other techniques, e.g., with UV-Vis spectroscopy [12], probe beam deflection (PBD) [13], radiotracer [14], atomic force microscopy (AFM) [15], and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) [16]. The concept and the instrumentation of G. Inzelt (B)

Solving the Capacitive Paradox of 2D MXene using Electrochemical Quartz‐Crystal Admittance and In Situ Electronic Conductance Measurements

“…The use of EQCA as an important analytical technique has advanced considerably during the last two decades and has been successfully used for studying a variety of the processes occurring with coated QCs in different media . The outstanding contributions of several research groups should be specially acknowledged and is documented in some review articles . However, viscoelastic models, valid for various polymeric coatings, are not suitable to describe charging processes in composite intercalation electrodes.…”

“…[ 16,17 ] The outstanding contributions of several research groups should be specially acknowledged and is documented in some review articles. [ 18,19 ] However, viscoelastic models, [ 20 ] valid for various polymeric coatings, are not suitable to describe charging processes in composite intercalation electrodes. Here we rely instead on our previous work devoted to hydrodynamic spectroscopy of chemically and structurally non-homogeneous composite electrode coatings (see ref.…”

Electrochemical Sensing of Caffeic Acid Using Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Layer by Sinusoidal Voltage Procedure

“…The amount of the electrodeposited PEDOT layer can be estimated using the Sauerbrey equation [30], which relates the frequency change (∆f ) of the crystal resonator with the amount of deposited mass (∆m):…”

Surface and Volumetric Phenomena on Polyaniline-Supported Electrocatalysts

“…As in the case of HCOOH, oscillations in E and Δm are out-of-phase for both applied currents, corroborating thus the qualitative features discussed. Inzelt and coworkers 23,[50][51][52] studied the potential and mass variations in the oscillatory electro-oxidation of formic acid and 2-propanol on platinum. In both cases, the authors found that the E/t and Δm/t relationships are out-of-phase, as in the present case.…”