Electrochemical removal of pyrite scale using green formulations

Abstract

Pyrite scale formation is a critical problem in the hydrocarbon production industry; it affects the flow of hydrocarbon within the reservoir and the surface facilities. Treatments with inorganic acids, such as HCl, results in generation toxic hydrogen sulfide, high corrosion rates, and low dissolving power. In this work, the dissolution of pyrite scale is enhanced by the introduction of electrical current to aid the chemical dissolution. The electrolytes used in this study are chemical formulations mainly composed of diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid–potassium (DTPAK5) with potassium carbonate; diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid sodium-based (DTPANa5), and l-glutamic acid-N, N-diacetic acid (GLDA). DTPA and GLDA have shown some ability to dissolve iron sulfide without generating hydrogen sulfide. The effect of these chemical formulations, disc rotational rate and current density on the electro-assisted dissolution of pyrite are investigated using Galvanostatic experiments at room temperature. The total iron dissolved of pyrite using the electrochemical process is more than 400 times higher than the chemical dissolution using the same chelating agent-based formulation and under the same conditions. The dissolution rate increased by 12-folds with the increase of current density from 5 to 50 mA/cm2. Acid and neutral formulations had better dissolution capacities than basic ones. In addition, doubling the rotational rate did not yield a significant increase in electro-assisted pyrite scale dissolution. XPS analysis confirmed the electrochemical dissolution is mainly due to oxidation of Fe2+ on pyrite surface lattice to Fe3+. The results obtained in this study suggest that electro-assisted dissolution is a promising technique for scale removal.

Relativistic Spin-0 Particle Under Linear Central Potential Effects Induced by Lorentz Symmetry Violation

“…where Θ = ζ + θ 2 4 − 2 (1 + |l|). The equation ( 12) is the biconfluent Heun's differential equation [31,32,33,47,48,49] with H(x) is the Heun polynomials function.…”

“…The power series expansion H(x) becomes a polynomial of degree n by imposing the following two conditions [31,32,33,30,39,28,29,47] Θ = 2 n, (n = 1, 2, ...)…”

Effects of Coulomb Central Potential Induced by Lorentz Symmetry Breaking on Relativistic Quantum Oscillator

“…Equation ( 15) is the biconfluent Heun's differential equation [40,2,3,6,7,43,44] with H(x) is the Heun polynomials function.…”

“…The power series expansion H(x) becomes a polynomial of degree n by imposing the following two conditions [40,2,3,6,7] Θ = 2 n, (n = 1, 2, ...)…”

“…In this paper, we investigate the behaviour of a scalar particle by solving the generalized Klein-Gordon oscillator [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] in a possible scenario of anisotropy generated by a Lorentz symmetry breaking term defined by a tensor (K F ) µναβ that governs the Lorentz symmetry violation out of the Standard Model Extension [8,9]. The scenario of the violation of Lorentz symmetry is determined by a field configuration of crossed electric and magnetic field that gives rise to a Coulomb-type Poynting vector.…”