Electrochemical Response Characteristics and Analytical Application of Papaverine Ion‐Selective Membrane Electrodes

Polyoxometalates: formation, structures, principal properties, main deposition methods and application in sensing

“…Although this process has been used for over thirty years, nding polymeric matrices that are chemically inert and enable incorporated POMs to retain their electrocatalytic properties has always been a challenge. Organic polymers such as quaternized poly(vinylpyridine) and polyaniline, [168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176] protonated polylysine, 177 polypyrrole 31 and poly(vinylchloride) [178][179][180] are the most employed polymers to encapsulate POMs. The latter is due to their numerous advantages in electrocatalysis.…”

“…As a result, a large number of POMs have been investigated. [168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180] On the other hand, redox polymers have numerous drawbacks including: (i) their relative solubility in aqueous solvents, (ii) their photochemical reactivity, which leads to their continuous degradation with time and (iii) their low ionic exchange capacities. To overcome these problems, other alternative encapsulating matrices like clay minerals have been attempted because of being less degradable.…”

Nanomolar Detection of Alkyl Dimethyl Hydroxyethyl Ammonium Surfactant by a Lipophile-doped Solid Contact Electrode

“…These species with high molecular weights anions, 1823, 2880 and 1825 respectively, have different lipophilicities and stabilities. They were used as electroactive materials in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) matrix membranes, and as candidates for the formation of highly lipophilic ion associates with many organic cations as well as active recognition elements in the proposed electrodes [21]. The electrodes containing some or no ion exchanger were made and their emf measured at various concentrations of the HY.…”

Determination of pethidine hydrochloride using potentiometric coated graphite and carbon paste electrodes

“…An ion-exchanger complex was made by mixing equal quantities of 1.0 × 10 −2 M of PDCl and 3.3 × 10 −3 M of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) or 1.0 × 10 −2 M sodium tetraphenyl borate (Na-TPB) according to a previously reported method. [28] The product settled for 5 h and the precipitates formed were filtered off, washed thoroughly with distilled water, dried at room temperature, ground to fine powders and used as the active substances for preparing the sensors of PDCl.…”