Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy analysis of the surface reactions on graphite basal plane in ethylene carbonate-based solvents and propylene carbonate

Inaba, Masaaki; Siroma, Zyun; Kawatate, Yutaka; Funabiki, Atsushi; Ogumi, Zempachi

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(96)02555-4

Cited by 125 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…96 The beneficial effect of inorganic additives, such as CO 2 , N 2 O, S x 2− , etc., on the formation of the SEI on carbons, was emphasized. 94,95,97 Interesting results were obtained by Ein-Eli et al, 98 who showed that the use of SO 2 as an additive to LiAsF 6 /MF or LiAsF 6 /PC, DEC, DMC solutions offers the advantage of forming fully developed passivating films on graphite at a potential much higher ( 99 found that for graphite electrodes an EC+DEC solvent mixture is preferred over EC+DME with respect to the formation of a stable passivating film. When graphite electrodes are charged in PC-based solutions, the solvent decomposes at about 1 V, and this makes SEI formation difficult.…”

Section: Carbonaceous Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

Peled

Menkin

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

1,607

1,474

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The Solid-Electrolyte-Interphase (SEI) model for non-aqueous alkali-metal batteries constitutes a paradigm change in the understanding of lithium batteries and has thus enabled the development of safer, durable, higher-power and lower-cost lithium batteries for portable and EV applications. Prior to the publication of the SEI model (1979), researchers used the Butler-Volmer equation, in which a direct electron transfer from the electrode to lithium cations in the solution is assumed. The SEI model proved that this is a mistaken concept and that, in practice, the transfer of electrons from the electrode to the solution in a lithium battery, must be prevented, since it will result in fast self-discharge of the active materials and poor battery performance. This model provides [E. Peled, in "Lithium Batteries," J.P. Gabano (ed), Academic Press, (1983), E. Peled, J. Electrochem. Soc., 126, 2047Soc., 126, (1979.] new equations for: electrode kinetics (i o and b), anode corrosion, SEI resistivity and growth rate and irreversible capacity loss of lithium-ion batteries. This model became a cornerstone in the science and technology of lithium batteries. This paper reviews the past, present and the future of SEI batteries. The PastPrior to the publication of the SEI model (1979), 1,4 researchers used the Butler-Volmer equation, in which direct electron transfer from the electrode to lithium cations in the solution is assumed. It was generally assumed that the rate-determining step (RDS) is the transfer of electrons from the metal to the cations in the solution. Researchers found that the lithium anode is covered by a passivating layer which interferes with the deposition/dissolution process of the anode. Brummer and Newman 2,3 concluded that a passivating anode can offer only a limited cycle life and in order to obtain a deep-discharge high-cycle-life secondary battery, the lithium anode must be free of a passivating layer and kinetically stable with respect to the electrolyte. The SEI model proved that this is a mistaken concept and that, in practice, the transfer of electrons from the electrode to the solution in a lithium battery, except when forming a SEI, must be prevented. The Present, Lithium-Metal and Lithium-Ion BatteriesIntroduction.-It is now generally accepted that the solidelectrolyte interphase (SEI) is essentially for the existence and successful operation of lithium-and sodium-battery systems, as primary and secondary power sources. 4 In 1979, it was proposed by Peled,

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Section: Carbonaceous Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

Peled

Menkin

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

1,607

1,474

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“…10). [97,428,448,485,486] Several results indicate that the film formation process on graphite is even more complex. Numerous research activities have focused on the improvement of the protective films and the suppression of solvent co-intercalation, either by proper choice of electrolyte components [467,488±499] or by pre-conditioning of the carbon electrode.…”

Section: Effects Of Electrolyte Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insertion Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Winter¹,

et al. 1998

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“…1 V by STM. This fact indicated that an insulating surface layer is formed on the surface at potentials more negative than 1 V. Figure 3 shows the results obtained by in situ AFM, 11 by which we could observe the surface covered with insulating film at potentials lower than 1 V. Panel …”

Section: Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphitementioning

confidence: 82%

In Situ Scanning Probe Microscopy of Interfacial Phenomena in Batteries

2011

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Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) generates images of surfaces using a probe that scans the specimen. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an extension of SPM. Ex situ STM and AFM are now widely used to characterize the surface morphology of a variety of samples. This paper introduces some important aspects of in situ SPM observation of interfacial phenomena in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In situ SPM makes it possible to directly observe the electrode/electrolyte interface and therefore is a powerful technique for understanding interfacial phenomena in LIBs. By applying this technology to different thin film electrodes, the morphological changes of a composite electrode were studied and are described.

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Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy analysis of the surface reactions on graphite basal plane in ethylene carbonate-based solvents and propylene carbonate

Cited by 125 publications

References 15 publications

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future

Insertion Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

In Situ Scanning Probe Microscopy of Interfacial Phenomena in Batteries

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