Electrochemical Sensing of Paracetamol Using Iron Oxide Encapsulated in Chitosan-Grafted-Polyaniline

Abstract

Potentiometric sensing of paracetamol over molecularly engineered and chemically responsive α-Fe2O3 encapsulated chitosan grafted polyaniline (α-Fe2O3-en-CHIT-g-PANI) coated ITO glass electrode has been demonstrated. The effect of molecular engineering on the structure, morphology and physical properties of α-Fe2O3-en-CHIT-g-PANI was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and two probe methods. The observed result suggests the formation of a porous hybrid matrix with improved electrical conductivity (∼6.25 × 10–4 S·cm–1), oriented crystallinity, better adsorption capacity and responsiveness due to optimized molecular structure and aligned crystallinity. Furthermore, a film of obtained hybrid on ITO-coated glass was explored for potentiometric sensing of paracetamol under optimum conditions (pH = 7.0 and 25 °C) with efficient sensing properties viz sensing range 5.0–100.0 μM, sensitivity 1.1 mV·μM–1·cm–2, response time 50 s, recovery time 20 s, limit of detection (LOD) 5.7 μM, and stability for 40 days. Then, sensing mechanism, charge transport, and switching behavior have been also explained on the basis of developed induced potential due to surface interaction between paracetamol and α-Fe2O3-en-CHIT-g-PANI matrix. Analytical performances of the developed electrode in a real sample have been also explored for the on-site detection of residual paracetamol in different pharmaceutical samples.

Century Impact of Macromolecules for Advances of Sensing Sciences

“…Furthermore, the synergism of electrical conductivity with functionality and responsiveness due to encapsulation of metal oxides, grafting biopolymer has significantly improved their applications in the sensing sciences in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and sensing mechanism [ 11 ]. Shukla et al reported electrically conducting ternary bio nano composite with catalytical nature towards sensing paracetamol after measuring the potential generated after catalytical surface oxidation in the presence of iron oxide [ 12 ]. However, the presence of biocompatibility makes conducting polymer suitable for a biochemical reaction for the fabrication of biomedical devices and biosensors.…”

“…This catalytic behavior integrated electrically conducting bio composite was reported suitable for potentiometric sensing of residual paracetamol sensing in hospital waste water and mechanism lying in paracetamol sensing is illustrated in Fig. 4 along with brief finding [ 12 ].

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Sustainable Mitigation of Paracetamol with a Novel Dual-Functionalized Pullulan/Kaolin Hydrogel Nanocomposite from Simulated Wastewater

“…Most of these pharmaceutical products often end up in the aquatic environment as micropollutants. Because of their omnipresent nature, they are practically detected in every environmental matrix including groundwater, surface water, effluents from wastewater plants, and sludge. , Currently, paracetamol (PCT), the most widely consumed nonprescribed medicine (30 000–35 000 tons annually), has emerged as a pollutant of grave concern. It is a multifunctional antipyretic and analgesic drug used to appease pain, lessen body temperature, and for neuralgia .…”

Selective and sensitive visible-light-prompt photoelectrochemical sensor of paracetamol based on Bi2WO6 modified with Bi and copper sulfide

“…Paracetamol (PA), one of the frequently used anti-inammatory and antipyretic agents, has been extensively adopted to relieve migraine, headache, osteoarthritis pain and postoperative pain in the clinic. 1,2 Nonetheless, long-term and excess PA application can result in toxic metabolite accumulation, thereby damaging the liver or kidneys. 3 As a result, it is of much importance to develop a simple, sensitive and accurate quantitative tool for PA analysis, which can be applied in quality control and clinical diagnosis to analyze PA-containing drugs.…”