Electrochemical Sensor for the Anti‐tuberculosis Drug Rifampicin on CuO@rGO‐Nanocomposite‐Modified GCE by Voltammetry Techniques

Abstract

Reduced-graphene-oxide layers (rGO) offer extremely subtle transducer thin-films and can be unified in interdigital microelectrodes for various purposes. Understanding the functions and nature of rGO specially bio-compatibility, we can use this as potent-tool for the detection of antibiotic-drug Rifampicin (RFP) in standard/pharmaceutical samples. Herein, we synthesize CuO@rGO nano-composite and explored its potency for the preparation of electrochemically-active-electrodes. Catalytic-activity of as-synthesized CuO@rGO nano-composite is checked in 1.0 mM of Fe 2 + /3 + solutions and found to be more than three times higher current as compared to bare, rGO or CuO modified GCE. Subsequently, modified electrodes are used to detect RFP via two-techniques (differential-pulse voltammetry viz. DPV and cyclic-voltammetry viz. CV) in three-ways simultaneously.

State of the Art on Developments of (Bio)Sensors and Analytical Methods for Rifamycin Antibiotics Determination

“…RIF has an effectiveness of about 95% in cases of TB caused by susceptible strains [ 47 ], with a daily oral administration of the standard 600 mg single dose [ 24 , 48 ] or of a dose corresponding to 10–20 mg RIF/kg body weight [ 49 , 50 ]. Alone or in combination with other drugs, it represents the main treatment for infections (produced by various microorganisms), such as TB ( Mycobacteria tuberculosis ), osteomyelitis ( Staphylococcus aureus ), meningococcal disease ( Neisseria meningitidis ), leprosy ( Mycobacterium leprae ), gonorrhea ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae ) [ 51 ], Legionnaire’s disease ( Legionella pneumophila) [ 19 , 28 ] and even HIV [ 52 , 53 ]. Under regulated dosage, RIF is also recommended against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [ 19 ], to treat cholestatic pruritus and infections associated with prosthetic joints [ 54 ], such as chemoprophylaxis of the postoperative endophthalmitis [ 55 ], or against Brucellosis and meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae Type b and Neisseria meningitides [ 19 ].…”

“…Long-term or excess use of RIF may produce some adverse effects, the most important being hepatotoxicity, which causes liver damage leading, for example, to jaundice. Other side effects include fever [ 66 ], arthralgia [ 31 ], kidney failure [ 67 ], fatigue, dizziness, gastrointestinal disorders [ 68 ] generating nausea, vomiting, appetite loss, diarrhea, sore throat, headache, immunological [ 53 ] and allergic reactions [ 52 ]. Moreover, RIF causes orange coloration in urine, sweat and tears [ 28 ].…”

“…RIF and RSV ( Figure 1 ) are hydroquinone derivatives (−OH groups in positions 1 and 4, Figure 1 ) and possess a third phenolic −OH moiety (position 8), which can be chemically or electrochemically oxidized [ 40 ] at various solid bare electrodes (e.g., GCE [ 85 ], CPE [ 80 ] and the disposable PGE [ 84 ]) or modified sensors obtained at various substrates, such as GCE [ 28 , 29 , 32 , 37 , 45 , 52 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 85 , 90 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 121 ], SPE [ 36 , 53 , 115 ], CPE [ 21 , 26 , 80 , 88 , 116 , 117 ], ITO [ 118 ], Ag [ 55 ], Au [ 50 , 86 ] and Pt [ 119 , 120 ]. Most often, the electrodes were employed as sensing devices in voltammetric [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 36 , …”

“…Studies revealed that, depending on the nature of the sensor’s electroactive surface, RIF can present two [ 28 , 53 ] or three [ 26 , 36 ] oxidation signals ( Figure 3 ). The signal at more anodic potential was irreversible, while the others were reversible [ 28 , 53 ], quasi-reversible [ 36 , 52 , 82 , 112 , 116 ] or even irreversible [ 67 ]. The (quasi)reversible couple involved an exchange of two electrons and two protons, and was related to the hydroquinone-quinone system of the 1,4-dihydroxynaphtalene structure [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 36 , 52 , 53 , 65 , 82 , 110 , 116 ].…”

Metal–Organic Framework-Based Composites for the Detection and Monitoring of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Biological and Environmental Matrices

“…These researchers modified GCE by rGO@CuO sensor and observed a three-fold increment in current values during electrochemical characterization of the sensor by CV and DPV. Sensors have shown very low DL 5–11 nM and remarkable stability (Sagar et al, 2022 ).…”