Electrochemical Sensors based on Gold–Silver Core–Shell Nanoparticles Combined with a Graphene/PEDOT:PSS Composite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Paraoxon-ethyl Detection

Abstract

Herein, a nonenzymatic detection of paraoxon-ethyl was developed by modifying a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with gold−silver core−shell (Au−Ag) nanoparticles combined with the composite of graphene with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/ poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). These core−shell nanoparticles (Au−Ag) were synthesized using a seed-growth method and characterized using UV−vis spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) techniques. Meanwhile, the structural properties, surface morphology and topography, and electrochemical characterization of the composite of Au−Ag core−shell/graphene/PEDOT:PSS were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Moreover, the proposed sensor for paraoxon-ethyl detection based on Au−Ag core− shell/graphene/PEDOT:PSS modified GCE demonstrates good electrochemical and electroanalytical performance when investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry techniques. It was found that the synergistic effect between Au−Ag core−shell nanoparticles and the composite of graphene/PEDOT:PSS provides a higher conductivity and enhanced electrocatalytic activity for paraoxon-ethyl detection at an optimum pH of 7. At pH 7, the proposed sensor for paraoxon-ethyl detection shows a linear range of concentrations from 0.2 to 100 μM with a limit of detection of 10 nM and high sensitivity of 3.24 μA μM −1 cm −2 . In addition, the proposed sensor for paraoxon-ethyl confirmed good reproducibility, with the possibility of being further developed as a disposable electrode. This sensor also displayed good selectivity in the presence of several interfering species such as diazinon, carbaryl, ascorbic acid, glucose, nitrite, sodium bicarbonate, and magnesium sulfate. For practical applications, this proposed sensor was employed for the determination of paraoxon-ethyl in real samples (fruits and vegetables) and showed no significant difference from the standard spectrophotometric technique. In conclusion, this proposed sensor might have a potential to be developed as a platform of electrochemical sensors for pesticide detection.

Electrochemical Investigation of PEDOT:PSS/Graphene Aging in Artificial Sweat

“…Conductive polymer-based electrodes are considered practical when they exhibit low and frequency-independent impedance over a broad frequency range [ 24 ], a characteristic that might be enhanced through PEDOT:PSS modification with various additives. E.g., Gold–silver core–shell (Au–Ag) nanoparticles have been incorporated into PEDOT:PSS layers for paraoxon-ethyl detection, demonstrating a synergistic effect resulting in higher conductivity and improved electrochemical stability [ 25 ]. However, this approach is complex and costly, prompting exploration of simpler composites as alternatives.…”