Electrochemical sensors: basic principles, engineering, and state of the art

Emerging microelectronic microneedles (eMN) for biomedical applications

“…109 Electrochemical sensors exploit biomolecular interactions with electrode surfaces to detect the presence or quantity of target molecules, typically comprising a working electrode (WE), a reference electrode (RE), and a counter electrode (CE). 25,110 The pivotal role of the WE lies in its ability to interact with the target molecule, thereby eliciting changes in electrochemical signals detectable on its surface. Concurrently, the RE provides a known potential for measuring the potentiometric disparity between itself and the working electrode, 6 while the CE serves to balance reactions at the working electrode, ensuring a stable current path for the sensor.…”

“…Techniques such as potentiometry, voltammetry, and impedimetry are commonly employed to detect alterations in electrode surface characteristics, subsequently amplifying, converting, and digitizing these data into readable formats for determining the presence or concentration of the target molecule. 110…”

Recent Advances in the Application of Electrochemical Biosensors in Tumor Therapy

“…Electrochemical enzyme sensors are biosensors that use enzymes as biological recognition elements to catalyze the oxidation or reduction reactions of target substrates, thereby producing detectable electrons or redox intermediates [8].…”

A microfluidic ratiometric electrochemical aptasensor for highly sensitive and selective detection of 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl

“…However, external factors such as electrode modification methods and environmental conditions can have a substantial impact on their analytical accuracy. 16 These aspects can contribute to the low dependability of determination, particularly for trace detection.…”