Electrochemical sensors for cortisol detection: Principles, designs, fabrication, and characterisation

Karuppaiah, Gopi; Lee, Min-Ho; Bhansali, Shekhar; Manickam, Pandiaraj

doi:10.1016/j.bios.2023.115600

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 187 publications

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“…Cortisol, which is referred to as the "stress hormone," and deficiency or excess of cortisol triggered by physical or psychological stress is associated with diseases, including post-traumatic stress disorder and primary adrenal insufficiency. [125][126][127] The prompt and precise detection of the steroid hormone cortisol plays a crucial role in diagnosing stress-related permission. [17] Copyright 2020, Springer Nature.…”

Section: Metabolite-sensing Devicementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical biosensors and power supplies for wearable health‐managing textile systems

Li,

Jia,

Liang

et al. 2024

Interdisciplinary Materials

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In recent years, wearable electrochemical biosensors have received increasing attention, benefiting from the growing demand for continuous monitoring for personalized medicine and point‐of‐care medical assistance. Incorporating electrochemical biosensing and corresponding power supply into everyday textiles could be a promising strategy for next‐generation non‐invasive and comfort interaction mode with healthcare. This review starts with the manufacturing and structural design of electrochemical biosensing textiles and discusses a series of wearable electrochemical biosensing textiles monitoring various biomarkers (e.g., pH, electrolytes, metabolite, and cytokines) at the molecular level. The fiber‐shaped or textile‐based solar cells and aqueous batteries as corresponding energy harvesting and storage devices are further introduced as a complete power supply for electrochemical biosensing textiles. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects relating to sensing textile systems from wearability, durability, washability, sample collection and analysis, and clinical validation.

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Section: Metabolite-sensing Devicementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical biosensors and power supplies for wearable health‐managing textile systems

Li,

Jia,

Liang

et al. 2024

Interdisciplinary Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…16,17 While these tests are highly sensitive, the methods pose challenges with their complex workflow, extended reaction time (>30 min), and limited stability. 18,19 Additionally, these techniques require natural receptor antibodies as biorecognition elements for the selective detection of steroids. However, antibodies are costly, prone to instability, and may exhibit cross-reactivity with structurally similar analytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evaluating the changes in intrinsic redox currents, assessable through cyclic voltammetry (CV) or amperometry, allows for a quantitative measure of target recognition. 19 The sensor enables rapid detection of targets within five min and exhibits a broad linear range for cortisol and DHEA detection, with negligible cross-reactivity observed. The optimized sensors successfully validated the clinical applicability of cortisol and DHEA detection by performing tests on sweat samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, there exists a direct correlation between the levels of these biomarkers in sweat and blood . Conventional cortisol and DHEA assays rely on competitive immunoassays involving labeled targets to measure their change in optical or electrochemical properties. , While these tests are highly sensitive, the methods pose challenges with their complex workflow, extended reaction time (>30 min), and limited stability. , Additionally, these techniques require natural receptor antibodies as biorecognition elements for the selective detection of steroids. However, antibodies are costly, prone to instability, and may exhibit cross-reactivity with structurally similar analytes .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The selective capture of cortisol or DHEA within the imprinted cavities impedes the electron transfer between the embedded ferrocene redox centers on PVFc, decreasing redox peak currents, as illustrated in Figure . Evaluating the changes in intrinsic redox currents, assessable through cyclic voltammetry (CV) or amperometry, allows for a quantitative measure of target recognition . The sensor enables rapid detection of targets within five min and exhibits a broad linear range for cortisol and DHEA detection, with negligible cross-reactivity observed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Hybrid Functional Polymer-Enabled Multiplexed Chemosensor Patch for Wearable Adrenocortex Stress Profiling

Yeasmin,

Ullah,

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Measuring bioactive stress hormones, including cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), allows for evaluating the hypothalamic−pituitary− adrenal (HPA) axis functioning, offering valuable insights into an individual's stress response through adrenocortex stress profiles (ASPs). Conventional methods for detecting steroid hormones involve sample collections and competitive immunoassays, which suffer from drawbacks such as time-consuming labeling and binding procedures, reliance on unstable biological receptors, and the need for sophisticated instruments.Here, we report a label-free and external redox reagent-free amperometric assay directly detecting sweat cortisol and DHEA levels on the skin. The approach utilizes multitarget sensors based on redox-active molecularly imprinted polymers (redox MIPs) capable of selectively binding cortisol and DHEA, inducing changes in electrochemical redox features. The redox MIP consists of imprinted cavities for specific capture of cortisol or DHEA in a poly(pyrrole-co-(dimethylamino)pyrrole) copolymer containing hydrophobic moieties to enhance affinity toward steroid hormones. The polymer matrix also incorporates covalently linked interpenetrating redox-active polyvinylferrocene, offering a stable electrochemical redox feature that enables sensitive current change in response to the target capture in the vicinity. The multiplexed sensor detects cortisol and DHEA within 5 min, with detection limits of 115 and 390 pM, respectively. Through the integration of redox MIP sensors into a wireless wearable sensing system, we successfully achieved ambulatory detection of these two steroid hormones in sweat directly on the skin. The new sensing method facilitates rapid, robust determination of the cortisol-DHEA ratio, providing a promising avenue for point-of-care assessment of an individual's physiological state.

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Wearable and Regenerable Electrochemical Fabric Sensing System Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Real‐Time Stress Management

Hu,

Chen,

Wang

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Seamlessly integrating biosensors into clothing for personalized stress level monitoring, specifically targeting cortisol, a stress‐related compound found in sweat, shows great potential for efficiently monitoring and managing individual mental and physical well‐being. Nevertheless, realizing the fabric biosensor faces a notable challenge, as it involves the persistent obstacle of ensuring reusability and washability. Here, a fabric sensing system constructed by a fiber electrode for rapid and reliable cortisol detection with high repeatability, breathability, and stability is reported. The fibers are assembled from aligned carbon nanotubes and functionalized with a molecularly imprinted polymer containing redox‐active nanoreporters. Through washing with ethanol, the fabricated fabric sensor exhibits high reusability for over 100 cycles detecting cortisol. The key is the large active surface area and elaborately designed channel distance in the fiber electrode, ensuring a stable interface between the polymer and the fiber electrode. The resulting fabric sensing system presents convenient monitoring of cortisol levels, allowing assessment of stress levels to understand emotions and health condition better.

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Electrochemical sensors for cortisol detection: Principles, designs, fabrication, and characterisation

Cited by 22 publications

References 187 publications

Electrochemical biosensors and power supplies for wearable health‐managing textile systems

Electrochemical biosensors and power supplies for wearable health‐managing textile systems

Hybrid Functional Polymer-Enabled Multiplexed Chemosensor Patch for Wearable Adrenocortex Stress Profiling

Wearable and Regenerable Electrochemical Fabric Sensing System Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Real‐Time Stress Management

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