Electrochemical Simulation of Phase I Hepatic Metabolism of Voriconazole Using a Screen-Printed Iron(II) Phthalocyanine Electrode

Abstract

Understanding the metabolism of pharmaceutical compounds is a fundamental prerequisite for ensuring their safety and efficacy in clinical use. However, conventional methods for monitoring drug metabolism often come with the drawbacks of being time-consuming and costly. In an ongoing quest for innovative approaches, the application of electrochemistry in metabolism studies has gained prominence as a promising approach for the synthesis and analysis of drug transformation products. In this study, we investigated the hepatic metabolism of voriconazole, an antifungal medication, by utilizing human liver microsomes (HLM) assay coupled with LC-MS. Based on the obtained results, the electrochemical parameters were optimized to simulate the biotransformation reactions. Among the various electrodes tested, the chemometric analysis revealed that the iron(II) phthalocyanine electrode was the most effective in catalyzing the formation of all hepatic voriconazole metabolites. These findings exemplify the potential of phthalocyanine electrodes as an efficient and cost-effective tool for simulating the intricate metabolic processes involved in drug biotransformation, offering new possibilities in the field of pharmaceutical research. Additionally, in silico analysis showed that two detected metabolites may exhibit significantly higher acute toxicity and mutagenic potential than the parent compound.

Identification of New Hepatic Metabolites of Miconazole by Biological and Electrochemical Methods Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Combined with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

“…Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are planar devices comprising plastic substrates coated with layers of electroconductive and insulating inks of controlled thickness. The introduction of this technology has facilitated the mass production of inexpensive disposable electrodes for conducting electrochemical experiments [16].…”

Synthesis of Nanocomposite Based Polysaccharide and Performance Evaluation for the Removal of Various Drug from Pharmaceuticals Wastewater

“…Due to the growing population, according to the forecasts by 2050, the demand for water, food, and energy will increase significantly by 50 %, 70 %, and 80 %, respectively. [1] Today, contamination of the natural water environment by pharmaceutical compounds and personal care products is widespread, and the substances used to treat and prevent disease in humans and animals are compounds in non-steroidal groups. [2] According to research conducted in recent years, the presence of sustainable organic compounds such as pharmaceutical and personal care products in effluents and drinking water sources is about μ-ng/l measured via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with UV-Vis detector.…”

“…Pharmaceutical and dyes are emerging pollutants in water resources that the presence of these products, even in very small quantities, can have adverse effects on the environment. Due to the growing population, according to the forecasts by 2050, the demand for water, food, and energy will increase significantly by 50 %, 70 %, and 80 %, respectively [1] . Today, contamination of the natural water environment by pharmaceutical compounds and personal care products is widespread, and the substances used to treat and prevent disease in humans and animals are compounds in non‐steroidal groups [2] .…”