Electrochemical stability of electrosynthesized heterocyclic semiconducting polymers as cathode-active materials in advanced batteries

Nanomaterials for Lithium-ion Rechargeable Batteries

“…A more realistic value found for the doping level in a number of publications is the figure of 0.16 [114][115][116] or 0.17, 117 which translates to a specific capacity of 52 mAh/g of the active material. 114 polymerised to structures sustaining a stable doping up to 0.38 (e − /MU), corresponding to almost 100 mAh/g in a lithium cell.…”

Photoinduced step‐growth polymerization of thieno[3,4‐b] thiophene derivatives. The substitution effect on the reactivity and electrochemical properties

“…Thirty two scans were averaged. 1 H-NMR (500-600 MHz) and 13 C-NMR (125-150 MHz) spectra were recorded in deuterated chloroform (CDCl 3 with tetramethylsilane as an internal standard) on Varian spectrometers at 25 C. Molecular weight measurements were conducted on a TOSOH EcoGPC GPC system equipped with an auto sampler system, a temperature controlled pump, a column oven, a refractive index (RI) detector, a purge and degasser unit, and TSKgel sup-erhZ2000, 4. 6 mm ID × 15 cm × 2 cm column.…”

“…[ 11 ] PTTs have gained a great deal of interest especially in the last few decades, not only because of their facile synthetic routes, but also for their diverse application in optoelectronics [ 12 ] and in cathode‐active materials as organic electrolyte batteries. [ 13 ] Due to the extended conjugation in the structure, these polymers have lower band gaps which is a crucial requirement for such applications. [ 14 ] Donor‐acceptor (D‐A) type oligomers and polymers containing both units in the structure became key compounds since their low band gap properties made them perfect candidates as cathodically coloring material for use in electrochromic devices.…”

“…[ 15 ] The synthesis and properties of thienothiophenes (TTs) have been extensively investigated and summarized. [ 16 ] The well‐established synthesis methods of PTTs are: (a) Stille polycondensation reaction which requires the use of toxic tin compounds (SnMe 3 or SnBut 3 ) in conjunction with expensive palladium based catalysts; [ 17 ] (b) direct arylation polymerization which occurs faster than coupling reactions and eliminates the use of tin compounds, but still requires expensive Pd(OAc) 2; [ 18 ] (c) chemical oxidation using excess amount of oxidizing agents such as FeCl 3 , Fe(III) paratoluenesulfonic acid [ 13 ] and (d) electropolymerization [ 19,20 ] which reduces the polymerization time, but requires optimization of the device and produce only small amount of polymers mostly not sufficient even for analysis. The overall procedures commonly employed are summarized in Scheme 1.…”

Sulfurization of Polymers: a Novel Access to Electroactive and Conducting Materials

“…Over the last decade, sulfur-containing polymers with conjugated double bonds and heterocycles such as polythiophenes [1][2][3][4] and, particularly, polycondensed heterocyclic systems with dithiole or thiophene entities, such as poly(dithiolodithiole-3,6-diylidene) 1 [5], poly(thienothiophene) 2 [6][7][8], poly(dithienothiophenes) 3, 4 [9][10][11][12][13], poly(isobenzo[c]thiophene) 5 [14,15], poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) 6 [16], poly-(benzothienoindole) 7 [17,18], polythieno [3,4-b]quinoxaline 8 [19], poly(4,4-ethylenedioxy-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b 0 ]dithiophene) 9 [20] (Scheme 1) and so forth, have attracted much interest and attention as synthetic metals and prospective materials for advanced electrochemical energy storage devices (rechargeable batteries) [2]. The introduction into such molecules of sulfur-centered reversible redox-active functions, such as thiol, thione, disulfide or polysulfide moieties, should improve substantially their properties as active cathode materials for secondary batteries with lithium or sodium anodes.…”