Electrochemical Studies of Inkjet Printed Semi-Transparent NiCo2O4/ITO Supercapacitor Electrodes

Abstract

Transparent supercapacitors find a large number of applications as components of many electronic devices and circuits. Mixed Ni–Co oxides (NCOs) are among the most promising supercapacitor electrode materials exhibiting high pseudo-capacitance and good electronic conductivity, while inkjet printing is a low cost and versatile technique for electrode printing. Surprisingly, although there have been many studies of NCO supercapacitor films on ITO glass substrates, these have not been prepared by the inkjet technique, and their optical properties were not fully characterized. Hereby, we report the fabrication and characterization of thin (295 and 477 nm thick; 0.017 and 0.035 mg cm−2 NCO loading) semi-transparent NiCo2O4/ITO supercapacitor electrodes, showing transparency to visible light (60–30%, from the thinner to the thicker electrode layers tested), typical mass specific capacitance for NCO-based supercapacitor electrodes (1294–829 Fg−1 at 1 mA cm−2 discharge current density) and high volumetric capacitance (746–608 F cm−3 at 1 mA cm−2). The NCO nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis followed by thermal treatment and ball milling (ZrO2 balls, 0.5 mm diameter), resulting in a cubic nickel–cobalt oxide structure and particle size in the 30–150 nm range, whereas the electrode layers were printed from water-propylene glycol solutions using a Dimatix DMP-2850 drop-on-demand (DoD) inkjet printer. Constant current charge–discharge experiments of the supercapacitor electrode (at ca 0.5 mA cm−2) for 1000 cycles confirmed stability of performance.

Direct Ink Writing for Electrochemical Device Fabrication: A Review of 3D-Printed Electrodes and Ink Rheology

“…The electrode synthesis method and architecture used can really affect an electrode's properties, sometimes creating complicated effects. Thus, the development of electrodes with optimized architectures [81][82][83] depends on the potential of manufacturing methods. Numerous manufacturing processes have been explored to fabricate electrodes with specific architectures.…”

“…Today, the manufacturing of supercapacitors, especially those that can realize high energy density values with a long lifetime or energy harvesting at a high rate, remains a major challenge. Specifically, electrodes, as the core element of energy storage [82,102], play a crucial role in overcoming the above challenges. So, the way electrodes are manufactured becomes exceptionally important.…”