“…16) They reported that the proliferation of cells cultured on nonporous aluminum oxide with diameters of 30 nm (the smallest diameter examined in their work) was higher than that of cells cultured on at surfaces and nanoporous aluminum oxides with other diameters (40,45, and 50 nm). Schmuki et al also studied the adhesion, spreading, growth, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on nanotubular titanium oxides with various diameters (15,20,30,50,70, and 100 nm) and reported that nanotubes with diameters less than 30 nm, particularly those with a diameter of 15 nm, were most preferable. 17,18) Thus, our current ndings coincide with those of previous studies obtained for different substrates, despite the distinct differences in substrate compositions, e.g., aluminum, titanium, and stainless steels.…”