Electrochemical study on determination of diffusivity, activity and solubility of oxygen in liquid bismuth

Modelling of the oxide scale formation on Fe‐Cr steel during exposure in liquid lead‐bismuth eutectic in the 450–600 °C temperature range

“…At lower concentrations, the oxygen activity in the Pb‐Bi is usually measured by a zirconia oxygen sensor 36. The corresponding equilibrium oxygen activity in a gaseous environment, $a_{O_{2} }^{ext} $ , is given by the following relation: with $a_{O(PbBi)} $ the oxygen activity in the Pb‐Bi, ${\Delta} G_{O(PbBi)}^{0} $ (kJ/mol) = −127 + 27.9 × 10 −3 T 37 is the Gibbs energy of the reaction 1/2O 2 = O PbBi . The oxygen activity $a_{O(PbBi)} $ is given by: $a_{O(PbBi)} = {\gamma} x_{O} $ with γ=100 and x O the molar fraction of dissolved oxygen in PbBi (reference state for oxygen activity in Pb‐Bi is 1 at%).…”

New phases Bi 12.5 Ln 1.5 ReO 24.5 : Thermodynamics and influence of dopant size on lattice energy (Ln – lanthanide)

“…Compounds on the basis of bismuth oxides possess a wide set of unique properties and they can be quite perspective in various areas [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. So, they can be used as ecological inorganic pigments applied in paints, plastics, ceramics and etc.…”

“…The calculation schema is presented below. 12.5‫݅ܤ‬ሺ‫ݏ‬ሻ + 1.5‫݊ܮ‬ሺ‫ݏ‬ሻ + ܴ݁ሺ‫ݏ‬ሻ + 12.25ܱ ଶ ሺ݃ሻ = ‫݅ܤ‬ ଵଶ.ହ ‫݊ܮ‬ ଵ.ହ ܴܱ݁ ଶସ.ହ ሺ‫ݏ‬ሻ + ∆ ‫ܪ‬ ଵ ሺ10ሻ ‫݅ܤ5.21‬ ଷା ሺ݃ሻ = 12.5‫݅ܤ‬ሺ‫ݏ‬ሻ + 12.5 ∆ ‫ܪ‬ ଵଵ ሺ11ሻ ‫݊ܮ5.1‬ ଷା ሺ݃ሻ = 1.5‫݊ܮ‬ሺ‫ݏ‬ሻ + 1.5 ∆ ‫ܪ‬ ଵଶ ሺ12ሻ ܴ݁ ା ሺ݃ሻ = ܴ݁ሺ‫ݏ‬ሻ + ∆ ‫ܪ‬ ଵଷ ሺ13ሻ 24.5ܱ ଶି ሺ݃ሻ = 12.25 ܱ ଶ ሺ݃ሻ + 24.5∆ ‫ܪ‬ ଵସሺ14ሻOn the basis of reactions (10)-(14) the lattice energies can be calculated as follows:‫݅ܤ5.21‬ ଷା ሺ݃ሻ + ‫݊ܮ5.1‬ ଷା ሺ݃ሻ + ܴ݁ ା ሺ݃ሻ + 24.5ܱ ଶି ሺ݃ሻ = ‫݅ܤ‬ ଵଶ.ହ ‫݊ܮ‬ ଵ.ହ ܴܱ݁ ଶସ.ହ ሺ‫ݏ‬ሻ + ∆ ௧ ‫ܪ‬ ଵହ : ‫,ܣ‬ ‫ܤ‬ -constant values for series of Bi 12.5 Ln 1.5 ReO 24.5 compounds and ‫ݎ‬ -a lanthanide radius.…”