“…The multiple emissive centers on the surface of CDs contribute to their unique emission peaks, providing a foundation for precise and selective detection of various contaminants [ 28 , 29 ]. Additionally, factors like pH [ 30 ], solvent polarity [ 31 ], and surface functionalization [ 32 ] can modulate the fluorescence intensity of CDs, further expanding their applicability in environmental sensing. CDs’ dual emission peaks serve as an intrinsic self-calibration mechanism, offering precise and selective detection of various contaminants [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ].…”