Electrochemical Techniques in Battery Research: A Tutorial for Nonelectrochemists

Yang, Xuming; Rogach, Andrey L.

doi:10.1002/aenm.201900747

Cited by 266 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…), while it is rather common in literature to omit or simply overlook some of those. [ 282 ] In laboratory‐stage research activities, both anodes and sodium‐free cathodes are mainly evaluated in half cells, where the counter electrode (sodium foils) contains excessive sodium. Anodes should be advanced enough in terms of coulombic efficiency for full‐cell tests, as in practical applications, the excessive amount of cathodes should be kept at a minimum level for advantage of energy density.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodes and Sodium‐Free Cathodes in Sodium Ion Batteries

Yang

Rogach

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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112

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type is cheap but with a rather low energy density and cannot survive many cycles; the latter type has higher energy density and longer cycle life, but is more expensive. [3] Both those secondary batteries suffer from the memory effect, and their use is under serious environmental concerns due to the involvement of the toxic lead and cadmium. [3] Nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries can deliver higher energy capacity (the amount of stored energy in per unit mass, usually measured in Wh kg -1 ) and are more environmentally friendly, and from these reasons they used to dominate the market for electrical tools and EV. [4] At present, however, the share of Ni-MH batteries is shrinking, as we have another choice with a much higher energy density, namely lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The energy density of Ni-MH batteries is 60-70 Wh kg -1 , and that of LIBs was about 110 Wh kg -1 when they were commercially launched. [5] In the last decade, the price of LIBs decreased by ≈80% (now reaching <$200 kWh -1 ), and their energy density has been significantly improved (>200 Wh kg -1 ). [6] Other advantages of LIBs include long cycle life, low self-discharge, and absence of the memory effect. Thus far, being cost-effective and performance-competitive, LIBs have conquered the market for various important applications such as mobile phones, portable electronics, and EV.Beyond the state-of-the-art LIBs, efforts of battery researchers are going into following directions. The energy density of gasoline is about 13 kWh kg -1 , a value LIBs would never get close to. [7] It is normal to have "range anxiety" in the transition from petrol vehicles to EV. To eliminate such anxiety and make LIBs more competitive, intensive efforts are being placed into the research of high-capacity electrode materials for LIBs (such as silicon and lithium metal anode) and other battery systems (e.g., lithium-sulfur, lithium-air, and zinc-air batteries). [8] Another important direction is the development of safer batteries, such as aqueous and all-solid-state batteries, as safety concerns on LIBs are mainly related to the use of flammable electrolytes. [9,10] At the same time, the demand for LIBs worldwide is still increasing, and the production of the LIBs is growing rapidly, while the important constituting elements of those batteries, especially lithium and cobalt, are limited in supply. [5] Even though the availability of lithium at the present time may not be the major problem, and the recycling of used LIBs is under consideration, the world is faced with the potential risks in supply chains, as the annual global lithium production has already surpassed 0.085 million tons in 2018, while the total lithium reserve is estimated to be ≈14 million The increase in electricity generation poses growing demands on energy storage systems, thus offering a chance for the success of the reliable and cost-effective energy storage technologies. Sodium ion batteries are emerging as such a technology, which is however not yet mature enough to enter the market. At th...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodes and Sodium‐Free Cathodes in Sodium Ion Batteries

Yang

Rogach

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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112

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“…The battery community has established guiding principles for calculating performance parameters and representing data appropriately. [13] Capacity, for example, is reported strictly in terms of mAh/g, which can be easily calculated by dividing charge (C/g) by a factor of 3.6.…”

Section: Q = CV (1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Storage Data Reporting in Perspective—Guidelines for Interpreting the Performance of Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems

Mathis

Kurra

Wang

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

1,023

642

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Due to the tremendous importance of electrochemical energy storage, numerous new materials and electrode architectures for batteries and supercapacitors have emerged in recent years. Correctly characterizing these systems requires considerable time, effort, and experience to ensure proper metrics are reported. Many new nanomaterials show electrochemical behavior somewhere in between conventional double-layer capacitor and battery electrode materials, making their characterization a non-straightforward task. It is understandable that some researchers may be misinformed about how to rigorously characterize their materials and devices, which can result in This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 2 inflation of their reported data. This is not uncommon considering the current state of the field nearly requires record breaking performance for publication in high-impact journals. Incorrect characterization and data reporting misleads both the materials and device development communities, and This tutorial aims to clarify the main causes of inaccurate data reporting and to give examples of how researchers should proceed. The best practices for measuring and reporting metrics such as capacitance, capacity, coulombic and energy efficiencies, electrochemical impedance, and the energy and power densities of capacitive and pseudocapacitive materials are discussed.

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“…The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement was performed to disclose the stable cycling performance of Te‐G‐CNT electrodes as compared to bulk Te electrodes ( Figure a). [ 57,58 ] In the first four cycles, the resistances (Figure 5b) originating from electrolyte (Rs), electrode/electrolyte interphase (Rf), and charge transfer (Rct) of K/Te‐G‐CNT cells remain almost stable, while these resistances increase rapidly for K/bulk Te cells, suggesting the formation of stable SEI films and the good structural stability of Te‐G‐CNT electrodes during cycling. In addition, the low Rct of K/Te‐G‐CNT cells contributes to the superior reaction kinetics due to the good electrical conductivity of Te‐G‐CNT electrodes.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Tellurium: A High‐Volumetric‐Capacity Potassium‐Ion Battery Electrode Material

et al. 2020

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Currently, exploring high‐volumetric‐capacity electrode materials that allow for reversible (de‐)insertion of large‐size K+ ions remains challenging. Tellurium (Te) is a promising alternative electrode for storage of K+ ions due to its high volumetric capacity, confirmed in lithium‐/sodium‐ion batteries, and the intrinsic good electronic conductivity. However, the charge storage capability and mechanism of Te in potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) have not been unveiled until now. Here, a novel K–Te battery is constructed, and the K+‐ion storage mechanism of Te is revealed to be a two‐electron conversion‐type reaction of 2K + Te ↔ K2Te, resulting in a high theoretical volumetric capacity of 2619 mAh cm−3. Consequently, the rationally fabricated tellurium/porous carbon electrodes deliver an ultrahigh reversible volumetric capacity of 2493.13 mAh cm−3 at 0.5 C (based on Te), a high‐rate capacity of 783.13 mAh cm−3 at 15 C, and superior long‐term cycling stability for 1000 cycles at 5 C. This excellent electrochemical performance proves the feasibility of utilizing Te as a high‐volumetric‐capacity active material for storage of K+ ions and will advance the practical application of KIBs.

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Electrochemical Techniques in Battery Research: A Tutorial for Nonelectrochemists

Cited by 266 publications

References 13 publications

Anodes and Sodium‐Free Cathodes in Sodium Ion Batteries

Anodes and Sodium‐Free Cathodes in Sodium Ion Batteries

Energy Storage Data Reporting in Perspective—Guidelines for Interpreting the Performance of Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems

Tellurium: A High‐Volumetric‐Capacity Potassium‐Ion Battery Electrode Material

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