Electrochemical wear of graphite anodes during electrolysis of brine

Rabah, Mahmoud A.; Nassif, Nabil; Azim, A. A. Abdul

doi:10.1016/0008-6223(91)90066-r

“…Graphite anodes are less electrochemically stable as carbon can be easily oxidized to CO 2 [317,318] which may result in materials deterioration and catalyst leaching. Both Ti/BDD and STD are the most stable electrochemical filter that have been reported [43,315,316], however STD is relatively cheap compared to Ti/BDD filter.…”

Section: Hybrid/one Pot Membrane Filtration and Eaops -Reactive Electmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling of membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes for removal of pharmaceutical residues: A critical review

Ganiyu

¹

,

Hullebusch

²

,

Cretin

³

et al. 2015

Separation and Purification Technology

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“…The adsorbed chloride ions then react with partially ionized, positively charged carbon atoms to form C 4 OH 2 Cl, which is water-soluble and could decompose to carbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, chlorine, and water. Further investigation by Rabah et al 60 on the effect of chloride ion concentration suggested that the chloride ions are adsorbed on the available surface, leaving a minor fraction of chloride ions to react with graphite and the major portion shielding the anode surface from further corrosion, the obvious consequence being that the rate of corrosion decreases with increasing brine concentration. The rate of corrosion of carbon reportedly 60 increases with bath temperature and operational current density.…”

Section: A76mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further investigation by Rabah et al 60 on the effect of chloride ion concentration suggested that the chloride ions are adsorbed on the available surface, leaving a minor fraction of chloride ions to react with graphite and the major portion shielding the anode surface from further corrosion, the obvious consequence being that the rate of corrosion decreases with increasing brine concentration. The rate of corrosion of carbon reportedly 60 increases with bath temperature and operational current density. A typical graphite anode corrosion rate in brine at 30°C and 40 mA cm −2 current density is reported to be 0.08 g m −2 Ah −1 .…”

Section: A76mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gelatin Hydrogel Electrolytes and Their Application to Electrochemical Supercapacitors

Choudhury¹,

Sampath

²

,

Shukla

³

2008

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Gelatin hydrogel electrolytes ͑GHEs͒ with varying NaCl concentrations have been prepared by cross-linking an aqueous solution of gelatin with aqueous glutaraldehyde and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic chronopotentiometry. Glass transition temperatures for GHEs range between 339.6 and 376.9 K depending on the dopant concentration. Ionic conductivity behavior of GHEs was studied with varying concentrations of gelatin, glutaraldehyde, and NaCl, and found to vary between 10 −3 and 10 −1 S cm −1 . GHEs have a potential window of about 1 V. Undoped and 0.25 N NaCl-doped GHEs follow Arrhenius equations with activation energy values of 1.94 and 1.88 ϫ 10 −4 eV, respectively. Electrochemical supercapacitors ͑ESs͒ employing these GHEs in conjunction with Black Pearl Carbon electrodes are assembled and studied. Optimal values for capacitance, phase angle, and relaxation time constant of 81 F g −1 , 75°, and 0.03 s are obtained for 3 N NaCl-doped GHE, respectively. ES with pristine GHE exhibits a cycle life of 4.3 h vs 4.7 h for the ES with 3 N NaCl-doped GHE. Polymer electrolytes are widely studied materials with applications in electrochemical devices. Although the ionic conductivity behavior of solid polymer electrolytes, such as polyethylene oxidesalt complexes, was reported as early as in 1973 by Wright, the potential of these materials as a new class of solid electrolytes for energy storage applications was envisaged by Armand in 1978. [1][2][3][4] Solid polymer electrolytes exhibit ionic conductivity between 10 −8 and 10 −7 S cm −1 that is too low to be significant for devices. Accordingly, efforts have been expended to enhance the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes.1,2 One such approach involves addition of plasticizer, a low-molecular-weight polar solvent, such as ethylene carbonate, to a polymer-salt system to realize polymer gel electrolyte ͑PGE͒.5-8 These PGEs are solid, have good adhesive properties, and exhibit high ionic conductivity of about 10 −3 S cm −1 at ambient temperatures. Although such nonaqueous PGEs have a wider potential window of about 4 V as compared to about 1 V for their aqueous counterpart, preparation and handling of the former require a moisture-free environment that is both involved and costintensive. Besides, organic solvents used as plasticizers with nonaqueous PGEs are environmentally toxic. 5Electrochemical supercapacitors ͑ESs͒ are electrochemical power systems with highly reversible charge-storage and delivery capabilities. ESs have properties complementary to secondary batteries and find usage in hybrid energy systems for electric vehicles, heavy-load starting assist for diesel locomotives, utility load leveling, and military and medical applications.9,10 Depending on the charge-storage mechanism, an ES is classified as an electrical double-layer capacitor ͑EDLC͒ or a pseudocapacitor. Higher energy density of EDLCs, as compared to dielectric capacit...

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“…Corrosion of graphitic carbon in aqueous sodium chloride medium has been extensively studied in the literature. [60][61][62][63][64] According to Rabah et al, 60 during electrolysis of brine employing graphite electrodes, some carbon atoms are ionized followed by adsorption of chloride ions on certain active sites on the anode. The adsorbed chloride ions then react with partially ionized, positively charged carbon atoms to form C 4 OH 2 Cl, which is water-soluble and could decompose to carbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, chlorine, and water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adsorbed chloride ions then react with partially ionized, positively charged carbon atoms to form C 4 OH 2 Cl, which is water-soluble and could decompose to carbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, chlorine, and water. Further investigation by Rabah et al 60 on the effect of chloride ion concentration suggested that the chloride ions are adsorbed on the available surface, leaving a minor fraction of chloride ions to react with graphite and the major portion shielding the anode surface from further corrosion, the obvious consequence being that the rate of corrosion decreases with increasing brine concentration. The rate of corrosion of carbon reportedly 60 increases with bath temperature and operational current density.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gelatin Hydrogel Electrolytes and their Application to Electrochemical Supercapacitors

Choudhury¹,

Sampath

²

,

Shukla³

2007

Meet. Abstr.

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Gelatin hydrogel electrolytes ͑GHEs͒ with varying NaCl concentrations have been prepared by cross-linking an aqueous solution of gelatin with aqueous glutaraldehyde and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic chronopotentiometry. Glass transition temperatures for GHEs range between 339.6 and 376.9 K depending on the dopant concentration. Ionic conductivity behavior of GHEs was studied with varying concentrations of gelatin, glutaraldehyde, and NaCl, and found to vary between 10 −3 and 10 −1 S cm −1 . GHEs have a potential window of about 1 V. Undoped and 0.25 N NaCl-doped GHEs follow Arrhenius equations with activation energy values of 1.94 and 1.88 ϫ 10 −4 eV, respectively. Electrochemical supercapacitors ͑ESs͒ employing these GHEs in conjunction with Black Pearl Carbon electrodes are assembled and studied. Optimal values for capacitance, phase angle, and relaxation time constant of 81 F g −1 , 75°, and 0.03 s are obtained for 3 N NaCl-doped GHE, respectively. ES with pristine GHE exhibits a cycle life of 4.3 h vs 4.7 h for the ES with 3 N NaCl-doped GHE.

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Electrochemical wear of graphite anodes during electrolysis of brine

Cited by 18 publications

References 12 publications

Coupling of membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes for removal of pharmaceutical residues: A critical review

Coupling of membrane filtration and advanced oxidation processes for removal of pharmaceutical residues: A critical review

Gelatin Hydrogel Electrolytes and Their Application to Electrochemical Supercapacitors

Gelatin Hydrogel Electrolytes and their Application to Electrochemical Supercapacitors

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