Electrochemically Assisted Covalent Modification of Carbon Electrodes

Downard, Alison J.

doi:10.1002/1521-4109(200010)12:14<1085::aid-elan1085>3.0.co;2-a

Cited by 472 publications

(388 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(127 reference statements)

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“…A large number of aryl diazonium salt derivatives have been synthesized, 97 although the literature is still dominated by reasonably simple and commercially available molecules, such as carboxy and nitro derivatives. 97 The nitro derivative can then be electrochemically converted to the amino species, and hence the two most useful surfaces for the fabrication of biointerfaces, carboxyl and amino terminated surfaces, are readily available. Recently, however, Baranton and Be´langer have greatly broadened the scope of aryl diazonium salt chemistry for surface modification by showing that aniline derivatives can be converted into aryl diazonium salts and deposited onto electrode surfaces in a one step procedure.…”

Section: Aryl Diazonium Salt Derived Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular level modification of surfaces: from self-assembled monolayers to complex molecular assemblies

2011

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The modification of surfaces with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing multiple different molecules, or containing molecules with multiple different functional components, or both, has become increasingly popular over the last two decades. This explosion of interest is primarily related to the ability to control the modification of interfaces with something approaching molecular level control and to the ability to characterise the molecular constructs by which the surface is modified. Over this time the level of sophistication of molecular constructs, and the level of knowledge related to how to fabricate molecular constructs on surfaces have advanced enormously. This critical review aims to guide researchers interested in modifying surfaces with a high degree of control to the use of organic layers. Highlighted are some of the issues to consider when working with SAMs, as well as some of the lessons learnt (169 references). 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry. The modification of surfaces with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing multiple different molecules, or containing molecules with multiple different functional components, or both, has become increasingly popular over the last two decades. This explosion of interest is primarily related to the ability to control the modification of interfaces with something approaching molecular level control and to the ability to characterise the molecular constructs by which the surface is modified. Over this time the level of sophistication of molecular constructs, and the level of knowledge related to how to fabricate molecular constructs on surfaces have advanced enormously. This critical review aims to guide researchers interested in modifying surfaces with a high degree of control to the use of organic layers. Highlighted are some of the issues to consider when working with SAMs, as well as some of the lessons learnt (169 references).

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Section: Aryl Diazonium Salt Derived Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular level modification of surfaces: from self-assembled monolayers to complex molecular assemblies

2011

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“…An alternative strategy for connecting organic moieties onto electrodes is the reductive grafting of aryldiazonium salts that yields covalent attachment of phenyl derivatives onto the surface. Electrografting in particular has gained tremendous interest over the last decade and is now a well-recognized method for surface functionalization [20][21][22][23][24] . Contrary to alkylthiol SAMs, the organic layers obtained from this method are generally highly stable, being strongly resistant to heat, chemical degradation and ultrasonication 20,25 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrografting in particular has gained tremendous interest over the last decade and is now a well-recognized method for surface functionalization [20][21][22][23][24] . Contrary to alkylthiol SAMs, the organic layers obtained from this method are generally highly stable, being strongly resistant to heat, chemical degradation and ultrasonication 20,25 . Furthermore, the method is easy to process and fast (deposition time on the order of 10 s instead of 10-18 h for well-organized thiol-Au SAMs) and can be applied to a wide range of materials: carbon (graphite, glassy carbon (GC), nanotubes, diamond), metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pt, Au), semiconductor (SiH, SiO 2 , SiOC…), indium tin oxide and even organic polymers and dyes 22 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrografting of calix[4]arenediazonium salts to form versatile robust platforms for spatially controlled surface functionalization

Mattiuzzi¹,

Jabin²,

Mangeney³

et al. 2012

Nat Commun

126

176

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An essential issue in the development of materials presenting an accurately functionalized surface is to achieve control of layer structuring. Whereas the very popular method based on the spontaneous adsorption of alkanethiols on metal faces stability problems, the reductive electrografting of aryldiazonium salts yielding stable interface, struggles with the control of the formation and organization of monolayers. Here we report a general strategy for patterning surfaces using aryldiazonium surface chemistry. Calix[4]tetra-diazonium cations generated in situ from the corresponding tetra-anilines were electrografted on gold and carbon substrates. The well-preorganized macrocyclic structure of the calix[4]arene molecules allows the formation of densely packed monolayers. Through adequate decoration of the small rim of the calixarenes, functional molecules can then be introduced on the immobilized calixarene subunits, paving the way for an accurate spatial control of the chemical composition of a surface at molecular level.

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“…Chemical modification imports new set of properties to the carbon substrates which were not available in its unmodified counterparts [2]. Several strategies have been reported for their modification, which includes electrochemically assisted covalent modification with aromatic primary amines through an oxidative strategy and with diazonium salts through a reductive strategy [3,4]. This method results in the formation of well organized layers on the carbon substrate which can be used as modified electrodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covalent modification of glassy carbon spheres through ball milling under solvent free conditions: A novel electrochemical interface for mercury(II) quantification

Kempegowda

Malingappa

2014

Talanta

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a b s t r a c tA simple and green chemistry protocol has been proposed based on the covalent anchoring of benzamide molecule on glassy carbon spheres through ball milling under solvent free condition. The modification proceeds through the formation of an amide bond between carboxylic group of glassy carbon spheres and the amino group of modifier molecule. The formation of covalent bond was ascertained using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the surface morphology of milled glassy carbon spheres. The aqueous colloidal solution of modified glassy carbon spheres was used in the preparation of thin film electrodes and subsequently used as a novel electrochemical interface in the quantification of mercury at trace level using a differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric technique. The modified electrode showed good sensitivity and selectivity towards mercury with a detection limit of 1 nM with least interference from most of the ions. The analytical utility of the proposed electrode has been validated by determining the mercury levels in number of sample matrices.

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Electrochemically Assisted Covalent Modification of Carbon Electrodes

Cited by 472 publications

References 52 publications

The molecular level modification of surfaces: from self-assembled monolayers to complex molecular assemblies

The molecular level modification of surfaces: from self-assembled monolayers to complex molecular assemblies

Electrografting of calix[4]arenediazonium salts to form versatile robust platforms for spatially controlled surface functionalization

Covalent modification of glassy carbon spheres through ball milling under solvent free conditions: A novel electrochemical interface for mercury(II) quantification

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