Electrochemomechanical properties from a bilayer: polypyrrole / non-conducting and flexible material — artificial muscle

Otero, Toribio F.; Angulo, E.; Rodríguez, Javier; Santamaría, Carlos

doi:10.1016/0022-0728(92)80495-p

Cited by 289 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Thus, the first actuator or artificial muscle based on a conjugated polymer was a bilayer PPy(ClO 4 -)/adherent which was reported by Otero in 1992 [5]. The increase of volume that this polymer showed during an oxidation reaction was about 50%.…”

Section: Actuators Working In Airmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…This was a bilayer: PPy doped with ClO 4 -/ adherent tape and it was reported in 1992 by Otero et al [5] The original idea to design this actuator was based on a bimetallic thermometer where two metallic plates with different thermal expansion coefficient are welded side to side. An increase of temperature gives a separation of atoms higher in a plate than in the other one.…”

Section: Linear Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first bilayer actuator (PPy(ClO 4 -)/adherent tape) was used to evaluate the volume change mechanism in PPy under electrochemical stimulation [5]. These PPy films were electrogenerated over a stainless steel electrode in acetonitrile with 2% water, 0.2 M of pyrrole and 0.1 M of LiClO 4 .…”

Section: Linear Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This actuator works in air although it needs high environmental moisture for optimal operation. The PPy films were synthesized by the method reported by Otero et al [5] The SPE layer was formed from a solution of [P(ECH-co-EO)]/LiClO 4 in tetrahydrofuran. The triple layer was constructed by dripping the electrolyte solution on two PPy films grown on two stainless steel electrodes followed by evaporation of the solvent.…”

Section: Actuators Working In Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, the first actuator that received the name of an artificial muscle was based on a conducting polymer (polypyrrole) and it was reported by , also named electrochemomechanical device by involving an electrochemical reaction in the mechanic energy generation [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Cortés

Moreno

2003

E-Polymers

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Natural muscles have mechanical properties that conventional actuators do not possess. These natural machines show large strain, moderate stress, high efficiency and stability, fast response time, high power/weight ratio, long lifetime, etc. In the last years a great interest has arisen to develop materials that mimic natural mechanisms. Conducting polymers have an array of potential applications as artificial muscles since they are capable to produce a moderate displacement when submitted to an electrochemical reaction. This property has been used to fabricate actuator devices that imitate and even improve the performance of natural muscles. For example, conducting polymers show stresses 15 times higher than those generated by mammalian muscles, a high power/weight ratio and a high degree of compliance. However, there are also several responses that need improvement in the actuators based on conducting polymers. Strains are still c. 50% lower than in natural muscles. Most of this kind of actuators only work in liquid media. It is necessary to increase the response time and obtain more durable actuators with longer lifetime and higher stability. In spite of these disadvantages, the first actuators based on conducting polymers are being commercialized. This paper presents a brief summary of some of the actuators based on these polymers, focusing on their design, performance and actuation mechanism.

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Section: Actuators Working In Airmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Linear Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Linear Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Actuators Working In Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Cortés

Moreno

2003

E-Polymers

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Reversible electrochemical reactions in conducting polymers: A molecular approach to artificial muscles

Otero¹,

Grande²,

Rodríguez³

1996

J. Phys. Org. Chem.

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Electrical currents trigger oxidation or reduction reactions in conducting polymers. Changes in volume associated with these redox processes can be transformed into macroscopic movements of more than 180" by the construction of a bilayer: polypyrrole-flexible and inactive polymer (artificial muscle). The effects of the applied potential, the nature of the solvent and the electrolyte concentration on the angular movement of the free end of the bilayer were analysed. The movement accelerates with increasing anodic (or cathodic, when the movement is reversed) overpotentials, with increasing electrolyte concentration or by using more polar solvents, leading to the conclusion that the movement is linked to electrochemically driven exchange of hydrated counterions between the solution and the conducting polymer. Geometrical considerations give a simple equation for both the microscopic and macroscopic changes of volume associated to the penetration of counterions during oxidation, which is able to explain the experimental behaviour. INTRODUCTIONA chemomechanical device is a system able to transform chemical energy into mechanical work. In recent decades, a large number of simple chemomechanical systems have been investigated, including ion-exchange

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Electroactive Polymer Actuators

Ismail

Shabeeba

Sidheekha

et al. 2023

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Electroactive polymers (EAPs) have emerged as feasible materials to emulate biological muscles due to their ability to undergo significant changes in shape or size in response to electrical stimulation. They have received immense consideration in various fields of applications such as robotics, biomimetics, wearable electronics, prosthetics, optical devices, and so on owing to their mechanical flexibility, easy processing, light weight, low density, fracture tolerance, pliability, and the ability to induce large actuation strains than other conventional mechanically responsive polymers. Electronic EAPs including dielectric elastomers, ferroelectric polymers, liquid crystal elastomers, and electrostrictive graft polymers are driven by electric fields or Coulomb forces and require high voltage for activation. While ionic EAPs such as ionic polymer metal composites, ionic gels, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and electrorheological fluids are driven by the drifting or diffusion of ions and operate at lower voltages. The emphasis in this article is on the studies of key materials used in the field of electroactive polymer actuators, reviewing the mechanism that drives the actuation, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, and discussing their applications.

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Electrochemomechanical properties from a bilayer: polypyrrole / non-conducting and flexible material — artificial muscle

Cited by 289 publications

References 6 publications

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Reversible electrochemical reactions in conducting polymers: A molecular approach to artificial muscles

Electroactive Polymer Actuators

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