Electroconductive Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Rogers, Zachary J.; Zeevi, Michael P; Koppes, Ryan A.; Bencherif, Sidi A.

doi:10.1089/bioe.2020.0025

Cited by 38 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Comprehensive literature reviews on CPs [23,[63][64][65] and 3D-printed conductive hydrogels for biomedical and tissue engineering applications have been reported. [32,39,66] However, the main literature on similar alginate-based materials as used here mainly consists of alginate-PPy composites, [64,[67][68][69][70][71] and oxidized alginate-PPy systems have been explored recently. [57] The addition of alginate to the PPy synthesis can increase PPy's conductivity, crystallinity, and charge-carrier mobility, [72] as it acts as a dopant due to its anionic properties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically Conductive and 3D‐Printable Oxidized Alginate‐Gelatin Polypyrrole:PSS Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

Distler

Polley

Shi

et al. 2021

Adv Healthcare Materials

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Electroactive hydrogels can be used to influence cell response and maturation by electrical stimulation. However, hydrogel formulations which are 3D printable, electroactive, cytocompatible, and allow cell adhesion, remain a challenge in the design of such stimuli‐responsive biomaterials for tissue engineering. Here, a combination of pyrrole with a high gelatin‐content oxidized alginate‐gelatin (ADA‐GEL) hydrogel is reported, offering 3D‐printability of hydrogel precursors to prepare cytocompatible and electrically conductive hydrogel scaffolds. By oxidation of pyrrole, electroactive polypyrrole:polystyrenesulfonate (PPy:PSS) is synthesized inside the ADA‐GEL matrix. The hydrogels are assessed regarding their electrical/mechanical properties, 3D‐printability, and cytocompatibility. It is possible to prepare open‐porous scaffolds via bioplotting which are electrically conductive and have a higher cell seeding efficiency in scaffold depth in comparison to flat 2D hydrogels, which is confirmed via multiphoton fluorescence microscopy. The formation of an interpenetrating polypyrrole matrix in the hydrogel matrix increases the conductivity and stiffness of the hydrogels, maintaining the capacity of the gels to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. The results demonstrate that a 3D‐printable ADA‐GEL can be rendered conductive (ADA‐GEL‐PPy:PSS), and that such hydrogel formulations have promise for cell therapies, in vitro cell culture, and electrical‐stimulation assisted tissue engineering.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically Conductive and 3D‐Printable Oxidized Alginate‐Gelatin Polypyrrole:PSS Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

Distler

Polley

Shi

et al. 2021

Adv Healthcare Materials

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“…Of them, hydrogels are cross-linked hydrophilic polymeric networks capable of absorbing large amounts of water or biological fluids. Hydrogel scaffolds are non-toxic and have been widely used for soft tissue reconstruction [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. However, hydrogels are typically mesoporous, leading to an unfavorable microenvironment that entraps and constrains encapsulated cells, and ultimately preventing their cellular organization in 3D.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryogel-Integrated Biochip for Liver Tissue Engineering

Boulais

Jellali

Pereira

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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Microfluidic systems and polymer hydrogels have been widely developed for tissue engineering. Yet only a few tools combining both approaches, especially for in vitro liver models, are being explored. In this study, an alginate-based cryogel-integrated biochip was engineered for dynamic hepatoma cell line culture in three dimensions (3D). The alginate cryogel was covalently cross-linked in the biochip at subzero temperatures (T < 0 °C) to create a scaffold with high mechanical stability and an interconnected macroporous network. By varying the alginate concentration and the cross-linker ratio, the Young's modulus of the cryogel can be fine-tuned between 1.5 and 29 kPa, corresponding to the range of stiffness of the different physiological states of the liver. We demonstrated that HepG2/C3A cells can be cultured and maintained viable under dynamic conditions in this device up to 6 days.Albumin synthesis and glucose consumption increased over the cell culture days. Moreover, a 3D cell structure was observed across the entire height of the biochip, which was preserved following alginate lyase treatment to remove the cryogel-based scaffold. In summary, these results represent a proof of concept of an interesting new cell culture technology that should be further investigated to engineer healthy and cirrhotic liver models.

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“…This evaluation would enable other degradation products to be identified, making it easier to study their distribution in the hydrogel structures. [ 74 ] Novel strategies in the production of exceedingly biomimetic and structurally-designed nanocomposite hydrogels are also being explored.…”

Section: Hydrogels For Tissue Engineering Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the progress of 3D-printed hydrogels for tissue engineering

et al. 2021

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Additive manufacturing or more commonly known as 3D printing, is currently driving innovations and applications in diverse fields such as prototyping, manufacturing, aerospace, education, and medicine. Recent technological and materials research breakthroughs have enabled 3D bioprinting, where biomaterials and cells are used to create scaffolds and functional living tissues (e.g. skin, cartilage, etc.). This prospective focuses on the classification and applications of hydrogels, and design considerations in their production (i.e. physical and biological parameters). The materials for 3D printing of hydrogels, such as biopolymers, synthetic polymers, and nanocomposites, are mainly discussed. More importantly, future perspectives on 3D printing hydrogels including new materials, 4D printing, emerging printing technologies, etc. and their importance in biomedical and bioengineering applications are discussed. Graphic Abstract

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Electroconductive Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Cited by 38 publications

References 109 publications

Electrically Conductive and 3D‐Printable Oxidized Alginate‐Gelatin Polypyrrole:PSS Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

Electrically Conductive and 3D‐Printable Oxidized Alginate‐Gelatin Polypyrrole:PSS Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

Cryogel-Integrated Biochip for Liver Tissue Engineering

On the progress of 3D-printed hydrogels for tissue engineering

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