Electrodeposited Copolymers Based on 9,9′-(5-Bromo-1,3-phenylene)biscarbazole and Dithiophene Derivatives for High-Performance Electrochromic Devices

Abstract

A 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene derivative (BPBC) was synthesized and its related homopolymer (PBPBC) and copolymers (P(BPBC-co-BT), P(BPBC-co-CDT), and P(BPBC-co-CDTK)) were prepared using electrochemical polymerization. Investigations of polymeric spectra showed that PBPBC film was grey, iron-grey, yellowish-grey, and greyish-green from the neutral to the oxidized state. P(BPBC-co-BT), P(BPBC-co-CDT), and P(BPBC-co-CDTK) films showed multicolor transitions from the reduced to the oxidized state. The transmittance change (DT) of PBPBC, P(BPBC-co-BT), P(BPBC-co-CDT), and P(BPBC-co-CDTK) films were 29.6% at 1040 nm, 44.4% at 1030 nm, 22.3% at 1050 nm, and 41.4% at 1070 nm. The coloration efficiency (η) of PBPBC and P(BPBC-co-CDTK) films were evaluated to be 140.3 cm2 C−1 at 1040 nm and 283.7 cm2 C−1 at 1070 nm, respectively. A P(BPBC-co-BT)/PEDOT electrochromic device (ECD) showed a large DT (36.2% at 625 nm) and a fast response time (less than 0.5 s), whereas a P(BPBC-co-CDTK)/PEDOT ECD revealed a large η (534.4 cm2 C–1 at 610 nm) and sufficient optical circuit memory.

1,4-Bis((9H-Carbazol-9-yl)Methyl)Benzene-Containing Electrochromic Polymers as Potential Electrodes for High-Contrast Electrochromic Devices

“…The response time of the PbCmB/PEDOT, P(bCmB- co -bTP)/PEDOT, P(bCmB- co -dbBT)/PEDOT, and P(bCmB- co -TF)/PEDOT ECDs was shorter than the PbCmB, P(bCmB- co -bTP), P(bCmB- co -dbBT), and P(bCmB- co -TF) electrodes in the solutions, disclosing that the distances between the anode and the cathode in the ECDs were narrower than between the polymeric electrode and the Pt electrode in the solutions [ 49 ].…”

Electrochromic Insight on Electro‐Deposited Copolymers of Push‐Pull Conjugated Systems with 3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and Other Conjugated Units

“…Same group in [93] used 9,9'-(5-bromo-1,3phenylene)biscarbazole (44) for electro-copolymerization using bithiopnene, 4H-cyclopenta[1,2-b : 5,4-b']dithiophene (CDT) and cyclopentadithiophene ketone (CDTK) as the co-monomers (Scheme 12). [94] 1 : 1 monomer feed ratio was used in three copolymerizations. Resulting copolymers showed different multichromic behaviors than homopolymer of 44, coming from the co-monomer contribution into the polymer matrix.…”

“…In literature EDOT comprising push-pull copolymers were mostly used for ECD applications. [27,30,35,[64][65][66]68,70,72,82,89,[91][92][93][94][95]97] Some examples of ECD applications were discussed as follows:…”

Recent Advances in Functional Polymer Materials for Energy, Water, and Biomedical Applications: A Review

“…This distinctive type of polymer has been used in many important applications in the fields of the production and storage of energy, such as in energy assembly, energy storage, solar cells, batteries, photocatalysis materials, electrode materials, electrochromic devices, dye-sensitized electric cells, light emitting and sensing devices, and perovskite electric cells. They also have been used in other important applications, including as p-type conducting parts in thermoelectric generators, as well as being the polymer composites that are used in thermoelectric generators, piezoelectric materials, triboelectric generators, and super capacitors [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74]. Figure 2 shows the general applications of these conducting polymers.…”