Electrodeposition as a Tool for 3D Microbattery Fabrication

Abstract

I t is not difficult to explain the increasing worldwide interest in battery development. The current changes in the global energy outlook, including the shift to a higher fraction of solar and wind power, as well as the declining use of fossil fuels in vehicles, call for new autonomous energy storage solutions. The downscaling of microelectronic systems to produce small devices such as medical implants, micro sensors, self powered integrated circuits or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), requires rechargeable batteries with better energy and power densities per footprint area than can be achieved with the thin film 2D batteries existing today.Today's rechargeable lithium-ion batteries-with the best performance when it comes to energy density and with a reasonably good power efficiency-are dominating the market for consumer electronics. There is, however, a need for rechargeable storage devices that combine small volume with high energy and power densities. Typically, there is a demand for batteries on the 1-10 mm 3 volume scale, including all components and associated packaging. Moreover, miniaturized devices usually need the energy storage functions to be physically located on a small area-on a chip-making the energy and power density per footprint area a key factor for these batteries. The energy demand for these products is generally in the order of 1 J/(mm 2 day), which conventional battery technologies fail to supply by an order of magnitude or more. Given the wide range of electrode chemistries available for lithium-ion batteries, these batteries are well-suited to be shaped into different complex 3D high-capacity architectures.This article focuses on the use of electrodeposition as a tool for manufacturing complex 3D battery architectures. Electrodeposition as a Tool for 3D Microbattery Fabrication

Latest advances in the manufacturing of 3D rechargeable lithium microbatteries

“…In recent years there have been some high quality review articles on 3D microbatteries [1,[8][9][10] that gave a comprehensive description of the 3D concept and potentiality. A range of fabrication methods was covered and emphasis was placed on electrodes architecture and on some deposition techniques, such as electrodeposition [10].…”

“…A range of fabrication methods was covered and emphasis was placed on electrodes architecture and on some deposition techniques, such as electrodeposition [10]. The ongoing research in this field has recently seen the advent of innovative manufacturing processes such as 3D printing [7,[11][12], of mathematical modelling to investigate ionic transport in 3D electrodes [13][14][15][16] and of interesting materials such as silicon, which could play a key role in the development of high energy density devices.…”

Carbonate-linked poly(ethylene oxide) polymer electrolytes towards high performance solid state lithium batteries

“…However, these carbonate solvents are highly volatile and flammable, probably leading to fire or explosion hazards under some battery abuses [3]. So, it is urgent to pursue highly safe solid polymer electrolytes to substitute the conventional liquid electrolytes [4,5].…”

Potentiostatic Co-deposition of Nickel and Graphite Using a Composite Counter Electrode

“…Co-deposition, referring to the simultaneous electrodeposition of multiple metallic and non-metallic phases, has been receiving considerable attention lately. It has been used for the synthesis of metallic alloys [1,2], metal-ceramic composites [3,4] and 3D micro architecture [5]. In many of these applications the galvanostatic or constant current approach is often employed due to precise control of deposition rate achievable [6].…”