Electrodeposition in Perovskite Solar Cells: A Critical Review, New Insights, and Promising Paths to Future Industrial Applications

Abstract

The active layer quality significantly impacts perovskite solar cell performances. In competition with the common spin, the electrodeposition (ED) method has emerged as a cost‐effective, scalable, and environmentally friendly alternative for perovskite deposition. This article combines an up‐to‐date critical review with experimental results for the development of perovskite photovoltaics. The first review section offers a critical understanding of the current state of the art for the processing of perovskite using an ED step. With the comparison of various methods described in the literature, the pros and cons of the technique are reviewed to assess its applicability at the industrial scale. The second part presents experimental findings from the authors, resulting from a 5‐year experience in this area. Various important and specific topics are covered including the optimization of the ED parameters, the influence of the substrate, the material's selection, the architecture, and the impact on active surface properties. The comparison of the performance data from the literature and the new set of experimental data allows to pace the way for the future development and the integration of stable, affordable, and large‐scale photovoltaics cells.

Electrochemically Engineered Lanthanum Nickelate as a Promising Transparent Hole-Transport Layer for Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells: An Experimental and DFT Study

“…These advantages include implementation simplicity, minimal material and energy consumption, low temperature, affordability, scalability, and nontoxicity. 23 The electrodeposited thin film characteristics are highly affected by the ED potential, precursor salt concentrations, deposition time, temperature, and rate of electrolyte stirring. 24 The ED approach has already been utilized to synthesize several metal oxides such as V 2 O 5 , NiO, ZnO, and so on by investigating parameters such as the electrolyte concentration and comparing different ED techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), chronopotentiometry (CP), and so on.…”

“…Electrodeposition (ED) is an adaptable method for fabricating thin films that has many advantages over more traditional methods like physical vapor deposition (PVD), sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). These advantages include implementation simplicity, minimal material and energy consumption, low temperature, affordability, scalability, and nontoxicity . The electrodeposited thin film characteristics are highly affected by the ED potential, precursor salt concentrations, deposition time, temperature, and rate of electrolyte stirring .…”

High-performance CH3NH3PbI3:PbS nanorod-based photodetectors fabricated using a slot die technique

“…CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 has the capability of industrial-scale low-cost production. 11 However, due to challenges in environmental stability and suitable fabrication techniques for the large industrial production, investigations in organic halides are necessary.…”

Sequential‐dip‐coating processed mixed organic and inorganic perovskite film from halide‐free lead precursor for efficient perovskite solar cells

“…These devices exhibited excellent performance. However, achieving device performance comparable to spin‐casting processes remains a challenge for the commercial and scalable application of this method 15 . Recently, we reported high‐performance mixed ligand‐based perovskites, MA 1 FA 1−y PbI 3−x Br x , prepared via the SDC approach by reacting a Pb(NO 3 ) 2 layer with MABr and FAI.…”