Electrodeposition of Antimony

Electrodeposited Sb and Sb/Sb2O3 Nanoparticle Coatings as Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

“…If the antimony deposition rate is high enough, this can result in an incomplete reduction of the Sb 2 O 3 analogous to the situation recently described for the galvanostatic deposition of layers of Cu 2 O and Cu 26. Such a deposition process in which the amount of Sb 2 O 3 in the coatings depends on a number of factors such as the current density, pH, buffer capacity of the solution, the hydrodynamic conditions, and concentrations of the antimony tartrate should consequently give rise to a material composed of particles of Sb 2 O 3 imbedded in an antimony matrix.…”

“…significantly different appearances in agreement with the results described by Ghosh and Kappana. 26 When the electrodeposition was performed in the electrolyte containing HCl, it was difficult to obtain uniform deposits unless the Ni electrodes were previously etched with HNO 3 . On the etched Ni electrodes, brittle and silvery white coatings with large well-defined crystals (see Figure 1a) were, on the other hand, obtained.…”

“…Although a number of reports on the electrodeposition of antimony can be found in the literature, 26,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] the possibility of carrying out co-deposition of Sb and Sb 2 O 3 by use of a local pH increase has to our knowledge not been investigated previously. The corresponding co-deposition of copper and Cu 2 O from lactate, tartrate, or citrate solutions has, however, been described.…”

“…150%) during the lithiation process, however, generally leads to a dramatic capacity loss during cycling of this type of material . One possibility to minimize this capacity loss could be to use thin coatings composed of a mixture of Sb and Sb 2 O 3 which are reduced to a Sb/Li 2 O nanocomposite upon the first cycle, as has previously been described for many 3d metal (Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, and Mn) based oxides. , Such Sb/Sb 2 O 3 materials should be possible to electrodeposit using a similar approach as that described − for the manufacturing of Cu/Cu 2 O coatings. In a recent report, Xue and Fu demonstrated the reversible formation and decomposition of Li 2 O for crystalline Sb 2 O 3 thin films also containing about 14 mol % Sb.…”

“…Although a number of reports on the electrodeposition of antimony can be found in the literature, ,− the possibility of carrying out co-deposition of Sb and Sb 2 O 3 by use of a local pH increase has to our knowledge not been investigated previously. The corresponding co-deposition of copper and Cu 2 O from lactate, tartrate, or citrate solutions has, however, been described. − In the latter cases, it has been found 24,25 that Cu 2 O is formed as a result of the local pH increase caused by the protonation of the ligand released from the copper(II) complexes upon their reduction.…”