Electrodeposition of Iron and Iron Alloys

Izaki, Masanobu

doi:10.1002/9780470602638.ch11

Cited by 41 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…Ascorbic acid and citric acid with their pK a values in the range of 3.1 to 4.2 provide some buffering action, preventing rapid changes in the electrolyte pH during the electrodeposition and dissolution of iron. 27 When depositing iron from the electrolyte containing ascorbic acid, the faradaic efficiency was about 90% at 10 mA/cm 2 . The faradaic efficiency increased further with increasing current density reaching a value of 96% at 50 mA/cm 2 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A High Efficiency Iron-Chloride Redox Flow Battery for Large-Scale Energy Storage

Manohar

Kim

Plichta

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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We report advances on a novel membrane-based iron-chloride redox flow rechargeable battery that is based on inexpensive, earthabundant, and eco-friendly materials. The development and large-scale commercialization of such an iron-chloride flow battery technology has been hindered hitherto by low charging efficiency resulting from parasitic hydrogen evolution at the negative electrode and high overpotential losses. We have demonstrated a high charging efficiency of 97% by maintaining the negative electrolyte at a pH value of 2 and by using indium chloride as an electrolyte additive. The high charging efficiency of the negative electrode was found to be stable over at least 50 cycles. Further, we have demonstrated that with a graphite felt electrode, the overpotential losses were substantially mitigated at the positive and negative electrodes allowing the electrodes to be operated at current densities as high as 100 mA/cm 2 . With these technical advancements, the iron-chloride redox flow battery has an increased prospect of being a sustainable and efficient solution for large-scale energy storage. Large-scale energy storage systems that are inexpensive, robust, and highly efficient are essential for the integration of renewable energy sources like solar and wind into the electrical power grid. Rechargeable batteries are particularly promising for such grid-scale applications because of their efficiency, modularity, and flexibility to siting.1-4 Several battery systems including lithium-ion, lead-acid, sodium-sulfur, and the all-vanadium redox flow battery have been deployed at the mega-watthour scale.4-8 However, the levelized cost of energy delivered (LCOE) for these state-of-art battery systems is about ten to fifty times higher than the target values identified by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE). [9][10][11] In addition, the aforementioned battery systems pose challenges from the standpoint of sustainability and environmental friendliness because of the relatively expensive and toxic materials used. Therefore, the development of high-performance and long-life batteries that use inexpensive, eco-friendly, and abundantlyavailable materials is an important topic of current research.Redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage.-Redox flow batteries are particularly well-suited for large-scale energy storage applications. 3,4,[12][13][14][15][16] Unlike conventional battery systems, in a redox flow battery, the positive and negative electroactive species are stored in tanks external to the cell stack. Therefore, the energy storage capability and power output of a flow battery can be varied independently to suit the desired application. For example, if an application requires a battery with high energy content, the amount of electroactive species in the tanks can be increased without significant modification to the cell stack. As the electroactive material is held in the external tanks, an increase in the amount of electroactive species does not require an increase in the volume of the cell stack. Thus, m...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A High Efficiency Iron-Chloride Redox Flow Battery for Large-Scale Energy Storage

Manohar

Kim

Plichta

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Iron plating baths used for electroplating were comprised of 400 g/L FeCl 2 ,8 0g/L CaCl 2 ,1g/L sodium saccharin, and 0.25 g/L SDS [22].B aths were adjusted to 1pHw ith HCl and NaOHa nd were prepared regularly. Iron films were deposited with current densitieso f5 -20 mA/cm 2 against an Ag/AgCl reference and Pt counter electrode for two hours.B ath temperature was adjusted with ah ot plate.I na ddition, bath pH was monitored over time.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Iron has been used in electroplating sincet he 1920s for processing of intaglio plates,c oatings for automotive pistons,a nd induction coils.M ore recently,i ron has been revisited as ad egradable biomaterial for use in coronary stents [21,22].C linical trials have been performed using iron stents in thed escending aorta of pigs without detection of iron overload, due to degradation, in the major organs and also did not exhibiti ndicationo ft oxicity in the region surrounding the implantation site [23].I ron stents have been created with an electroforming technique and tested in terms of their mechanicalp roperties, degradation rate,a nd effect on smooth muscle cell growth with no reduction in cell metabolic activity observed [24].T he mechanical properties,d egradation rate, and grain size of electrodeposition-grown iron can be readily controlledb ys implyv aryingt he electrodeposition parameters [25,26].I nt his study, we show that electroplating iron onto hollow microneedles,m ade with twophoton polymerization, can be used as af acile and biocompatiblem aterial to create microneedles for diagnostic and drug deliverya pplications.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrodeposited Iron as a Biocompatible Material for Microneedle Fabrication

et al. 2015

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[a] 1Introduction Theu se of microneedles for drug delivery and sensing has rapidly advanced over the past two decades,o ffering the possibility of minimally invasive access,s elf-administration,a nd efficient drugl oading [1].M icroneedle-based devices were initially developed to overcomet he limitations the stratum corneuml ayer of the skin imposes on diffusion of pharmaceutical agents,e specially largem olecular weight compounds( e.g. vaccines), from the skin surface to deeper tissues,a nd have most recently been investigated for use in tissue suture and diagnostic applications [1][2][3].S olid, degradable,a nd hollow microneedles comprise the mainn eedle geometries used. Fors ensing applications,h ollow microneedles are preferred that can be integrated with am icrofluidic diagnostic chip [4,5], while diffusion-based analytec ollection methods have been shown to circumvent issues associated with extraction of interstitial fluid using hollow microneedles [6][7][8].Hollow microneedles allow for larger volumestobedelivered comparedt oc oated or degradable needles however specialc onsideration must be taken to prevent clogging after insertioni nto the skin [ 9].A no ffset bore allows for increased fluid delivery and improved fluid extraction [10,11].S everalf abrication techniques existt hat are capable of creating arrays of hollowm icroneedles with offset bores.I nitiale fforts concentrated on conventional silicon microfabricationt echniquesw hich still remain in common use [12].R ecently,alow cost approach that involvesacombination of UV lithography [a] Abstract:E lectroplated iron wasi nvestigated as an ovel material for microneedle fabrication due to its recent success as ab iocompatiblem etal in other medical devicea pplications.H ollow polymerm icroneedles were made using al aser direct write processt hat involvedt wophoton polymerization of ac ommercially available Class 2a biocompatible polymera nd subsequent electroplating of this structure with iron.E lectroplating bath and deposition conditions were shown to affect the mechanical properties of both iron plated microneedles and iron plated on planarp olymer substrates.C onditions for depositingt he iron coatings were investigatedi nt erms of grain size,r esidual strain, and elemental composition for planar iron samples.F racture strength and puncture mechanics into ex vivo porcine skin for ironc oated hollow microneedlesw ere examined. Biocompatibility testing wasp erformed usingt he MTT assay against human epidermal keratinocytesw ith several concentrations of iron extract to investigate iron as am aterial used for transdermal applications.I ron coatings proved to significantly improve the strength of the hollowp olymerm icroneedles and sustained structural integrityu pt o7i nsertions into porcine skin without bending.Acommercially available device (Medtronic MiniMedQ uick-Serter )w as used for controlled application of microneedles into porcines kin and estimations of insertion forces for the device were made.P lating conditionsw ere optimized su...

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“…In the book chapter composed by Izaki [25], deposition of ferric sulfate was discussed and compared with other ferric baths. It has revealed that different from other ferric baths, ferric sulfate bath is mainly conducted under room temperature or lower.…”

Section: Electrodeposition Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving steel fiber reinforced concrete pull-out strength with nanoscale iron oxide coating

Liu

2015

Construction and Building Materials

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Electrodeposition of Iron and Iron Alloys

Cited by 41 publications

References 96 publications

A High Efficiency Iron-Chloride Redox Flow Battery for Large-Scale Energy Storage

A High Efficiency Iron-Chloride Redox Flow Battery for Large-Scale Energy Storage

Electrodeposited Iron as a Biocompatible Material for Microneedle Fabrication

Improving steel fiber reinforced concrete pull-out strength with nanoscale iron oxide coating

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