Electrodeposition of Sn and Sn Composites with Carbon Materials Using Choline Chloride-Based Ionic Liquids

Abstract

Nano carbons, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, show very interesting electrochemical properties and are becoming a focus of interest in many areas, including electrodeposition of carbon–metal composites for battery application. The aim of this study was to incorporate carbon materials (namely oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (ox-MWCNT), pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (P-MWCNT), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) into a metallic tin matrix. Formation of the carbon–tin composite materials was achieved by electrodeposition from a choline chloride-based ionic solvent. The different structures and treatments of the carbon materials will create metallic composites with different characteristics. The electrochemical characterization of Sn and Sn composites was performed using chronoamperometry, potentiometry, electrochemical impedance, and cyclic voltammetry. The initial growth stages of Sn and Sn composites were characterized by a glassy-carbon (GC) electrode surface. Nucleation studies were carried out, and the effect of the carbon materials was characterized using the Scharifker and Hills (SH) and Scharifker and Mostany (SM) models. Through a non-linear fitting method, it was shown that the nucleation of Sn and Sn composites on a GC surface occurred through a 3D instantaneous process with growth controlled by diffusion. According to Raman and XRD analysis, carbon materials were successfully incorporated at the Sn matrix. AFM and SEM images showed that the carbon incorporation influences the coverage of the surface as well as the size and shape of the agglomerate. From the analysis of the corrosion tests, it is possible to say that Sn-composite films exhibit a comparable or slightly better corrosion performance as compared to pure Sn films.

Electrodeposition of NiSn-rGO Composite Coatings from Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Physicochemical Characterization

“…The values of root mean square roughness (RRMS) and the roughness average (Ra) parameters are presented in Table 4. By comparison, the surface roughness increases with the addition of graphene oxide, also in agreement with the findings reported in [31]. The values of root mean square roughness (R RMS ) and the roughness average (Ra) parameters are presented in Table 4.…”

“…The values of root mean square roughness (R RMS ) and the roughness average (Ra) parameters are presented in Table 4. By comparison, the surface roughness increases with the addition of graphene oxide, also in agreement with the findings reported in [31]. Additionally, the topography, lateral force and current signals were acquired simultaneously in contact mode on an area of 3 × 3 µm 2 , as illustrated in Figure 14.…”

“…Brandao et al [31] electrodeposited Sn composite coatings using a choline chlorideethylene glycol-based DES, also known as ethaline, involving different carbon nanomaterials. Among these, the behavior of Sn-reduced graphene oxide (Sn-rGO) composite was also investigated.…”

Nanostructured Tin-based Alloys Composites using Deep Eutectic Solvents as Electrolytes

“…The utilization of carbon materials in electrodeposition for the formation of metal composites are becoming of great interest (Brandão et al 2019;Pereira et al 2017;Tocoglu et al 2014;Wang et al 2001;Xu et al 2013a;Xu et al 2013b;Zhu et al 2011). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are made of graphene sheets rolled with a cylindrical shape, showing excellent properties such as high mechanical strength.…”

“…Some research groups have presented successful results in the preparation of CNTs composites (Martis et al 2011;Praveen and Venkatesha 2009;Rashad et al 2015;Zhao et al 2011). Brandão et al (2019) studied the incorporation of carbon materials (mostly multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and oxidized MWCNTs in a metallic tin matrix using DES with ethylene glycol as HBD. This research proved that it is possible to perform the electrodeposition of Sn and Sn-carbon materials composites using a eutectic mixture with ethylene glycol as HBD.…”