Electroencephalographic Findings in Phencyclidine Intoxication

Stockard, James J.; Werner, Sarah S; Aalbers, John A.; Chiappa, Keith H.

doi:10.1001/archneur.1976.00500030056012

Cited by 43 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The EEG shows generalized sinusoidal 6.0 cps theta activity that is interrupted approximately every 4 seconds by generalized slow wave discharges. 27 A similar periodic EEG pattern is described transiently during ketamine (a phencyclidine derivative) anesthesia.…”

Section: Table 1 Grading Of Eeg Abnormalities In Diffuse Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 74%

Pearls, Perils, and Pitfalls in the Use of the Electroencephalogram

Markand

2003

Semin Neurol

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Despite advances in neuroimaging techniques over the past three decades that have helped in identifying structural lesions of the central nervous system, electroencephalography (EEG) continues to provide valuable insight into brain function by demonstrating focal or diffuse background abnormalities and epileptiform abnormalities. It is an extremely valuable test in patients suspected of epilepsy and in patients with altered mental status and coma. Patterns in the EEG make it possible to clarify the seizure type; it is indispensable for the diagnosis of nonconvulsive status epilepticus and for separating epileptic from other paroxysmal (nonepileptic) episodes. There are EEG patterns predictive of the cause of the encephalopathy (i.e., triphasic waves in metabolic encephalopathy) or the location of the lesion (i.e., focal polymorphic delta activity in lesions of the subcortical white matter). The various EEG characteristics of infantile, childhood, and adult epilepsies are described as well as the EEG patterns that are morphologically similar to interictal/ictal epileptiform discharges but unrelated to epilepsy. An EEG is most helpful in determining the severity and, hence, the prognosis of cerebral dysfunction. Lastly, EEG is extremely helpful in assessing normal or abnormal brain functioning in a newborn because of the serious limitation in performing an adequate neurologic examination on the neonate who is intubated or paralyzed for ventilatory control. Under such circumstances, the EEG may be the only available tool to detect an encephalopathic process or the occurrence of epileptic seizures. KEYWORDS: Electroencephalogram, normal and variant EEG findings, epilepsy, encephalopathies, neonatal EEG, status epilepticusObjectives: Upon completion of this article, the reader will understand "normal abnormalities" in the normal EEG, the EEG in encephalopathies, the proper identification of diagnostic epileptiform abnormalities, the classic patterns of infantile childhood and adult epilepsies, the EEG patterns morphologically similar to interictal/ictal epileptiform discharges but unrelated to epilepsy, and neonatal EEG abnormalities. Accreditation: The Indiana University School of Medicine is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians. Credit: The Indiana University School of Medicine designates this educational activity for a maximum of 1.0 hours in category one credit toward the AMA Physicians Recognition Award. Each physician should claim only those hours of credit that he/she actually spent in the educational activity. Disclosure: Statements have been obtained regarding the author's relationships with financial supporters of this activity. There is no apparent conflict of interest related to the context of participation of the author of this article.This document was downloaded for personal use only. Unauthorized distribution is strictly prohibited. SEMINARS IN NEUROLOGY/VOLUME 23, NUMBER 1 2003preters inexperienced with...

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Section: Table 1 Grading Of Eeg Abnormalities In Diffuse Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 74%

Pearls, Perils, and Pitfalls in the Use of the Electroencephalogram

Markand

2003

Semin Neurol

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“…An electroencephalogram (EEG) may be useful in the undifferentiated comatose patient to exclude ongoing seizures or status epilepticus as a cause for unconsciousness or neuromuscular excitation. Findings seen in arylcyclohexamine toxicity include diffuse slowing with θ and δ waves, which may return to normal prior to clinical improvement [38,263,330,331].…”

Section: Other Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arylcyclohexamines (Ketamine, Phencyclidine, and Analogues)

Ho¹,

Dargan²

2016

Critical Care Toxicology

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“…An unusual pattern consisting of sinusoidal theta activity interrupted every few seconds by periodic slow-wave complexes has been described in phencyclidine ("angel dust," "PCP") intoxication. 18 Generalized, bisynchronous sharp complexes, at times periodic and often with a triphasic configuration, have been described in a variety of drug-related disorders, as well as after hypoxia-ischemia 19,20 and in metabolic encephalopathies. 21 These include baclofen, 22,23 levodopa, 24 lithium, 25 ifosfamide, 26,27 and metrizamide.…”

Section: Drug Intoxicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interpretation of the EEG in Stupor and Coma

Brenner

2005

The Neurologist

118

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This review discusses a variety of causes of stupor and coma and associated electroencephalographic (EEG) findings. These include metabolic disturbances such as hepatic or renal dysfunction, which are often characterized by slowing of background rhythms and triphasic waves. Hypoxia and drug intoxications can produce a number of abnormal EEG patterns such as burst suppression, alpha coma, and spindle coma. Structural lesions, either supra- or infratentorial, are reviewed. EEGs in the former may show focal disturbances such as delta and theta activity, epileptiform abnormalities, and attenuation of faster frequencies. In infratentorial lesions, the EEG may appear normal, particularly with a pontine lesion. Some patients may be encephalopathic because of ongoing epileptic activity with minimal or no motor movements. This entity, nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), is difficult to diagnose in obtunded/comatose patients, and an EEG is required to verify the diagnosis and to monitor treatment. Several EEG patterns and their interpretation in suspected cases of NCSE such as periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs), bilateral independent periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (BIPLEDs), generalized periodic epileptiform discharges (GPEDs), and triphasic waves are reviewed. Other entities discussed include the locked-in syndrome, neocortical death, persistent vegetative state, brainstem death, and brain death.

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Electroencephalographic Findings in Phencyclidine Intoxication

Cited by 43 publications

References 17 publications

Pearls, Perils, and Pitfalls in the Use of the Electroencephalogram

Pearls, Perils, and Pitfalls in the Use of the Electroencephalogram

Arylcyclohexamines (Ketamine, Phencyclidine, and Analogues)

The Interpretation of the EEG in Stupor and Coma

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