Electrogenerated chemiluminescent determination of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium ion (Ru(bpy)32+) at low levels

Abstract

electroactive gas, here 02. This method was carried out by using a readily available commerical controller/rotator to vary modulation frequency. The theoretical advantage of SHM that the frequency response of modulated current is independent of the concentration of the electroactive species (D remaining constant) and of the number of electrons transferred is clearly shown for this useful case.Registry No. 02,

A Life in Electrochemistry

“…Thus, by oxidizing both Ru(bpy) 3 2+ and oxalate in an aqueous solution, we predicted we would be able to generate ECL, and indeed, that was the case (20). Analytical ECL was very sensitive, because light was produced under conditions in which there was no scattered light or interference from fluorescent impurities (21). This system became the basis of a commercial system for clinical analysis, where Ru(bpy) 3 2+ was used to label antibodies or other biomolecules with a sensitivity that rivaled radioactive tags, and numerous tests were developed, first by IGEN and later by Roche Diagnostics.…”

Environmentally Friendly and Highly Sensitive Ruthenium(II) Tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl) Electrochemiluminescent System Using 2‐(Dibutylamino)ethanol as Co‐Reactant

“…Xiaoqing Liu, Lihong Shi, Wenxin Niu, Haijuan Li, and Guobao Xu* Ruthenium(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ([Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ ) has received increasing attention in clinical diagnosis and scientific research because of its high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, stability, simplicity, and versatility as an electrochemiluminescent probe.…”

“…[1] As the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) results from electrochemical reactions between [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ and co-reactants, extensive research has been focused on exploring effective co-reactants for the sensitive determination of [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ , which has important bioanalytical applications.…”

“…[2] In 1984, Bard and co-workers first reported the determination of [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ ECL using either oxalate or peroxydisulfate as co-reactants. [3] Later, Leland and Powell suggested tripropylamine (TPA) as a co-reactant, [4] and Blackburn et al soon developed [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ ECL immunoassays and DNA probe assays using TPA as co-reactant and [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ as the label.…”

“…[3] Later, Leland and Powell suggested tripropylamine (TPA) as a co-reactant, [4] and Blackburn et al soon developed [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ ECL immunoassays and DNA probe assays using TPA as co-reactant and [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ as the label. [5] [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ /TPA ECL assays have been widely used for over fifteen years now. [2,6] Despite its exclusive popularity, TPA has several important disadvantages.…”