Electrokinetic Size and Mobility Traps for On‐site Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Abstract

The extraction of target analytes from biological samples is ab ottlenecki na nalysis.Amicrofluidic device featuring an electrokinetic size and mobility trap was formed by two nanojunctions of different pore sizet oe xtract and concentrate analytical targets from complex samples.The trap was seamlessly coupled with electrophoretic separation for quantitative analysis.The device was applied to the analysis of ampicillin levels in blood within 5min and al inear response over the range of 2.5-20 mgmL À1 .T his covers the recommended levels for treating sepsis,acritical condition with 30 to 50 %m ortality and unpredicted drug levels.T he device provides an ew opportunity for on-site therapeutic drug monitoring,w hichs hould enable quick and accurate dosing and may save lives in such critical conditions.

Nanoporous Membranes for Microfluidic Concentration Prior to Electrophoretic Separation of Proteins in Urine

“…The use of two sequential nanoporous media in the electric field allows the creation of a size and mobility trap (SMT) . This was previously created using nanochannels made by dielectric breakdown, and the limited number of nanochannels produced by this process resulted in low transport of the ions, and a concentration factor of less than 100 was obtained.…”

“…To overcome the issues of selectivity with Ion concentration polarization (ICP), Shallan et al presented an electrokinetic size and mobility trap for simultaneous extraction, concentration and desalting, which was coupled on the same chip with a zone electrophoresis separation to determine ampicillin from whole blood . This unique approach demonstrated the first combination of two nanoporous channels of different size thus introducing some selectivity into the concentration process.…”

“…To overcome the issues of selectivity with Ion concentration polarization (ICP), Shallan et al presented an electrokinetic size and mobility trap for simultaneous extraction, concentration and desalting, which was coupled on the same chip with a zone electrophoresis separation to determine ampicillin from whole blood. 35 This unique approach demonstrated the first combination of two nanoporous channels of different size thus introducing some selectivity into the concentration process. Despite the ease and elegance of nanochannel fabrication, 36 the limited number of nanochannels formed by dielectric breakdown limits transfer rates and detection sensitivity with the targets concentrated by a factor of less than 100.…”

Cheers: Cracking Open The Bottleneck of Extraction in Bioanalysis

“…It is the drive toward simplification that needs to occur, particularly if POCT devices that cover more fully the entire laboratory range of techniques are to be developed. This is one of the challenges inhibiting the develop ment of sophisticated lab-on-a-chip devices as we move beyond the ground-breaking Medimate™ electrophoretic analyzer for the mood stabilizer lithium [8,9] and toward more generic and universal approaches for a broader range of small molecule pharmaceuticals [10,11].…”

Increasing the functionalities of 3D printed microchemical devices by single material, multimaterial, and print-pause-print 3D printing

“…4 The integration of multiple distinct chemical and biological processes into a single device was anticipated to produce a similar revolution in chemistry and biology. Integrated microfluidic devices have been used in biochemical detection, [5][6][7] genetic analysis, [8][9][10] environmental analysis, [11][12][13] as well as for cell culture and organic synthesis. 14,15 Despite it being over 25 years since the introduction of these concepts, the number of integrated devices are few, partly due to the complexity and cost of their fabrication.…”