Electrolyte Depletion in White-nose Syndrome Bats

Cryan, Paul M.; Meteyer, Carol U.; Blehert, David S.; Lorch, Jeffrey M.; Reeder, DeeAnn M.; Turner, Gregory G.; Webb, Julie L.; Behr, Melissa; Verant, Michelle L.; Russell, Robin E.; Castle, Kevin T.

doi:10.7589/2012-04-121

Cited by 100 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Overall, these physiologic effects result in a chronic respiratory acidosis, hyperkalemia, and reduction of fat reserves among bats during early stages of WNS. Consistent with results observed in bats at later and more severe stages of WNS [9,10], we propose that once pCO 2 elevates beyond a tolerance threshold, chemoreceptors stimulate hyperventilation, and resulting increased arousals from torpor serve to remove excess CO 2 , returning blood pH to normal [22,[25][26][27][28]. The high energy demand of these arousals then likely further contributes to accelerated depletion of fat reserves.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Integrating these results with those reported by others [7,[9][10][11][12]21], we propose a mechanistic multi-stage disease progression model for WNS that encompasses our current knowledge of disease pathology and physiologic sequelae, including death, that result following infection by P. destructans ( Figure 2). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With these results, we present a multi-stage disease progression model for WNS as a framework for understanding the pathogenesis and underlying causes of mortality due to WNS (Figure 2). This model integrates a range of published work [7,[9][10][11][12]21] with data from this study into the first attempt to mechanistically define a comprehensive conceptual model of what may occur during development of WNS in a hibernating bat ? from initial colonization of wing skin by P. destructans until the death of the animal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As WNS progresses towards more extensive and severe wing lesions, dehydration may be further exacerbated by water and electrolyte loss across the damaged epidermis of the wing [9,30], further stimulating arousal from hibernation to drink [29,31,32]. Positive feedback loops are then established that link worsening disease-associated wing pathology to further increases in arousal frequency, water loss, and energy use resulting in additional observed acute physiologic changes, including hypocapnia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and emaciation [9][10][11]. Once compensatory mechanisms such as cellular buffering, respiratory and metabolic regulation, and/or behavioral adaptations are exhausted, this suite of disturbances ultimately leads to mortality unless the bat has sufficient energy reserves to persist until spring emergence and clear the infection following a return to a metabolically active state [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although underlying causes for mortality from this invasive cutaneous mycosis remain unclear, proposed mechanisms include disruptions to vital homeostatic functions such as thermoregulation and water balance [8]. For example, water and electrolyte losses across the ulcerated wing epithelium have been proposed to cause hypotonic dehydration [9] and acid? base disturbances [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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White-nose syndrome initiates a cascade of physiologic disturbances in the hibernating bat host

et al. 2014

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Background: The physiological effects of white-nose syndrome (WNS) in hibernating bats and ultimate causes of mortality from infection with Pseudogymnoascus (formerly Geomyces) destructans are not fully understood. Increased frequency of arousal from torpor described among hibernating bats with late-stage WNS is thought to accelerate depletion of fat reserves, but the physiological mechanisms that lead to these alterations in hibernation behavior have not been elucidated. We used the doubly labeled water (DLW) method and clinical chemistry to evaluate energy use, body composition changes, and blood chemistry perturbations in hibernating little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) experimentally infected with P. destructans to better understand the physiological processes that underlie mortality from WNS. Results: These data indicated that fat energy utilization, as demonstrated by changes in body composition, was two-fold higher for bats with WNS compared to negative controls. These differences were apparent in early stages of infection when torpor-arousal patterns were equivalent between infected and non-infected animals, suggesting that P. destructans has complex physiological impacts on its host prior to onset of clinical signs indicative of late-stage infections. Additionally, bats with mild to moderate skin lesions associated with early-stage WNS demonstrated a chronic respiratory acidosis characterized by significantly elevated dissolved carbon dioxide, acidemia, and elevated bicarbonate. Potassium concentrations were also significantly higher among infected bats, but sodium, chloride, and other hydration parameters were equivalent to controls.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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White-nose syndrome initiates a cascade of physiologic disturbances in the hibernating bat host

et al. 2014

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White‐nose Syndrome and Bats

2017

Bats and Human Health

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Sebaceous Lipid Profiling of Bat Integumentary Tissues: Quantitative Analysis of Free Fatty Acids, Monoacylglycerides, Squalene, and Sterols

Pannkuk

Gilmore

Fuller

et al. 2013

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans and is devastating North American bat populations. Sebaceous lipids secreted from host integumentary tissues are implicated in the initial attachment and recognition of host tissues by pathogenic fungi. We are interested in determining if ratios of lipid classes in sebum can be used as biomarkers to diagnose severity of fungal infection in bats. To first establish lipid compositions in bats, we isolated secreted and integral lipid fractions from the hair and wing tissues of three species: big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), Eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis), and evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis). Sterols, FFAs, MAGs, and squalene were derivatized as trimethylsilyl esters, separated by gas chromatography, and identified by mass spectrometry. Ratios of sterol to squalene in different tissues were determined, and cholesterol as a disease biomarker was assessed. Free sterol was the dominant lipid class of bat integument. Squalene/sterol ratio is highest in wing sebum. Secreted wing lipid contained higher proportions of saturated FFAs and MAGs than integral wing or secreted hair lipid. These compounds are targets for investigating responses of P. destructans to specific host lipid compounds and as biomarkers to diagnose WNS.

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Electrolyte Depletion in White-nose Syndrome Bats

Cited by 100 publications

References 12 publications

White-nose syndrome initiates a cascade of physiologic disturbances in the hibernating bat host

White-nose syndrome initiates a cascade of physiologic disturbances in the hibernating bat host

White‐nose Syndrome and Bats

Sebaceous Lipid Profiling of Bat Integumentary Tissues: Quantitative Analysis of Free Fatty Acids, Monoacylglycerides, Squalene, and Sterols

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