In this article, to improve the stability of droplet transfer and reduce the spatter of pure carbon dioxide gas shield welding (CO 2 welding), we propose a new welding method called EMS-CO 2 welding by applying an additional longitudinal electromagnetic field to a CO 2 welding process (abbr. EMS-CO 2 welding). The characteristics of droplet transfer, welding formation and microstructure between EMS-CO 2 welding and general CO 2 welding on a Q235 low carbon steel plate are studied. The results show that EMS-CO 2 welding improves droplet transfer process, increases the stability of droplet transfer, and delivers better control of the welding spatter. Meanwhile, EMS-CO 2 welding generates welding formation with refined grains, welding seams with uniform microstructure, and welding joints with a higher quality. Therefore, EMS-CO 2 welding stands for the state of the art in short-circuit transfer CO 2 welding especially.
IntroductionRecently, in the welding field, the simpler welding parameters monitoring [1] and more stable welding process [2] are required, which ensure better welding impact toughness [3,4], and higher quality of welding joints [5]. The demands on new welding techniques, such as active flux [6], laser welding [7], resistance-friction stir hybrid welding [8], vibratory welding [4], and electromagnetic field hybrid welding [9, 10], are continuously increasing. Although some new approaches have been proposed to improve the performance of welding joint [11] and property of surface layer [12, 13], the gas shield arc welding technique still dominates the main welding manufacture fields.The arc welding technique, which uses an additional electromagnetic field, is called electromagnetic stirring welding (EMS welding) [10,13]. The EMS welding technique has been developed uninterruptedly because of its good effects [14], low cost [11,12], and easily implemented equipments [15]. Many research works and engineering practical experience indicate that the EMS welding technique can control arc shape and arc behavior action [15,16] and affect the molten metal flowing in welding pool [11], nucleation and crystalline growth [14,17], and the welding solidification process [18]. With the use of EMS welding technique, the primary grain of the welding joint is refined [10,17,18], and the segregation and nonhomogeneity of the welding seam are reduced or eliminated [13,14,17]. Because EMS welding improves plasticity and toughness of the welding joint and reduces